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4 results for “woody invader”
Uncovering structural features that underlie coexistence in an invaded woody plant community with interaction networks at multiple life stages
<p>Understanding the patterns of competitive and facilitative interactions within and among species in plant communities is a central goal of plant ecology, because these patterns determine species coexistence and community dynamics. Network theory provides tools that allow these patterns to be quantified, and can provide greater understanding of important community properties, including community stability, than can documenting pairwise species interactions.</p> <p>I characterized the interactions of multiple, co-occurring invasive and native species in an old field woody plant community to build plant interaction networks at two different life stages. With the goal of identifying structural features that may operate to maintain species coexistence, I characterized the architecture of these networks at multiple scales: the entire network, the substructures that compose the network, and species' roles within substructures.</p> <p>I found that species-level pairwise interactions alone did not provide an accurate or sufficiently detailed picture of community structure. Rather, using a network approach, I identified substructures that have the potential to promote and hinder species coexistence in interactions among seedlings. Characterizing the nuances of network substructures was illuminating, as the size of the substructures and the pattern of interaction intensities within substructures influence the expected effects on species coexistence. Including interactions at multiple life stages was also important; the seedling species that benefited most from the nested structure of facilitative interactions with adults occupied subordinate roles in substructures with other seedlings. This role reversal at different life stages is a potential factor promoting coexistence in the community. Last, the network framework was useful for comparing species' roles between native and invasive members of the community, and the three invasive species in this system had different, life-stage dependent strategies in interactions with co-occurring plants.</p> <p><em>Synthesis</em>. The interplay of network architecture and substructures within plant communities and among plants at different life stages is important for understanding species coexistence. In the plant community characterized in this study, there were several features that may promote coexistence, and these features were not observable in interactions within a single life stage or when considering pairwise interactions independently.</p>
Uncovering structural features that underlie coexistence in an invaded woody plant community with interaction networks at multiple life stages
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Can prescribed fires restore C4 grasslands invaded by a C3 woody species and a co-dominant C3 grass species?
<p>Prescribed fire is used to reduce woody plant invasion and restore herbaceous production and diversity in grasslands and savannas worldwide. Here we determined if a concentrated series of repeated-winter, repeated-summer, or alternate-season (winter and summer) fires in a short timeframe ("transition fires") could catalyze the restoration of C<sub>4</sub> perennial grasses in Southern Great Plains, USA grasslands that had become dominated by a fire-tolerant C<sub>3</sub> woody N<sub>2</sub>-fixer (honey mesquite, <i>Prosopis glandulosa</i>) and a C<sub>3</sub> perennial bunchgrass (Texas wintergrass, <i>Nassella leucotricha</i>). We applied transition fires over a 5-year span, and maintenance fires on a portion of each plot 7 or 8 years later. We measured herbaceous standing biomass and cover and soil variables (soil organic C, N, δ<sup>13</sup>C and δ<sup>15</sup>N) in unburned, transition-burned and maintenance-burned treatments. Greater δ<sup>13</sup>C at 10-20 (-17 ‰) than 0-10 (-20 ‰) cm depth increment confirmed that vegetation was historically mostly C<sub>4</sub> grassland that shifted towards C<sub>3</sub> dominance. Transition treatments with summer fire were most effective at top-killing mesquite, but no treatments root-killed >3%. Regrowth of top-killed mesquite was similar in all treatments and reached pre-fire height by 9 to 10 years post-fire. Herbaceous production and cover responses showed that: (1) alternate-season transition fires increased C<sub>4</sub> mid-grass, but did not change Texas wintergrass, (2) repeated-summer fires reduced Texas wintergrass, but did not change C<sub>4</sub> mid-grass, and (3) repeated-winter fires did not change C<sub>4</sub> mid-grass or Texas wintergrass compared to the unburned control. All maintenance fires stimulated Texas wintergrass biomass and cover, thus eliminating the reduction of Texas wintergrass caused by repeated-summer transition fires. There were no long-term effects of transition fires on soil C, N, δ<sup>13</sup>C or δ<sup>15</sup>N. Results advance our understanding of the expectations and limitations of prescribed fire in shifting a woodland alternate state toward what was historically a fire supported C<sub>4</sub> grassland/savanna.</p>
Can prescribed fires restore C4 grasslands invaded by a C3 woody species and a co-dominant C3 grass species?
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