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28 results for “woody trees”
Forest tree, woody debris, root ingrowth, soil respiration and characterization data from long-term research plots for LTREB at the University of Michigan Biological Station
The NSF-funded project "LTREB: Drivers of temperate forest carbon storage from canopy closure through successional time" (2014-2024) supports research to meet the following goals: 1) elucidate mechanisms responsible for changes in C storage over decades to centuries; 2) link processes leading to persistence and resilience of forest C storage following disturbance; 3) quantify the effects of potential drivers such as forest structure, N availability, climate change, and atmospheric deposition on decadal and longer-term trajectories of C storage. Field activities for this research are conducted at the University of Michigan Biological Station (UMBS) on a pair of chronosequences and several old reference forests. Synthesis activities utilize data collected from these field sites in support of the LTREB project, as well as data synthesized from other sources (e.g., long-term UMBS plot data, AmeriFlux data, FIA data) all intended to address the core questions of the LTREB project. This dataset has been compiled and expanded over a series of versions, with new data types and observations appended periodically. Presently, the dataset includes observations from tree inventory censuses, woody debris sampling, fine root ingrowth cores, soil respiration measurements, and two sets of soil collections aimed at quantifying a range of physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil.
Tree Growth and Coarse Woody Debris in Regenerating Forests at Harvard Forest since 2008
This project is a field-based study to measure sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide in a regenerating New England forest. This study established long-term biometric plots suitable for measuring changes in carbon storage through time in three forest stands: an early-20th-century conifer plantation, a naturally regenerating former conifer plantation harvested in the 1990s, and a conifer plantation scheduled for harvest next winter. The first three years of this project determined the initial carbon budget of these forest stands, measured carbon fluxes into and out of these stands, and laid the groundwork for future investigations. Subsequent years will investigate larger-scale questions, such as how successional patterns affect carbon sequestration, and how these patterns change with stand age. The work also addresses how forestry practices influence carbon sequestration, and provide guidance for how forest management could enhance terrestrial carbon uptake in the future.
North Temperate Lakes LTER Northern Highland Lake District Coarse Woody Debris Trees
Coarse woody debris (CWD) is an important, but often neglected, component of lake ecosystems. It is ecologically valuable because it creates littoral habitat complexity but it is susceptible to manipulation by riparian process, in particular removal by property owners. The objective of this study is to determine the spatial scales at which human and environmental factors contribute to coarse woody debris input and output dynamics. Coarse woody debris, boat docks, and riparian trees (with the potential of becoming CWD) around the five lakes of the NTL-LTER site (Trout Lake, Allequash Lake (north basin), Sparkling Lake, Crystal Lake, and Big Muskellunge Lake) were measured in 1996 and 1997. Riparian trees with the potential of becoming CWD were measured in Feb. 1997. Locations were determined by differential GPS (greater than 10 points per tree) and diameters were measured as diameter-at-breast-height (dbh) using a "cruising stick" according to the Scribner 78 scale (Philip 1994). Substantial snow cover made nominal "breast height" approximately 200 cm. The entire shores of Crystal and Sparkling Lakes were sampled. Shorelines on the other lakes were selected to represent developed and undeveloped conditions. Approximately 31 percent% (19/61 km) of the total shoreline of the five lakes was surveyed.
Acer negundo (Aceraceae) - woody angiosperms - bark - of a large tree
Image of Acer negundo (Aceraceae) - woody angiosperms - bark - of a large tree
Acer negundo (Aceraceae) - woody angiosperms - whole tree (or vine) - general
Image of Acer negundo (Aceraceae) - woody angiosperms - whole tree (or vine) - general
Acer negundo (Aceraceae) - woody angiosperms - whole tree (or vine) - general
Image of Acer negundo (Aceraceae) - woody angiosperms - whole tree (or vine) - general
Decomposition, topology, properties, and graphs of woody crown networks of 15 tree species of Cerrado vegetation
<p>Data of decomposition, topology, properties, and the corresponding graphs of 15 adult tree species of Cerrado vegetation, <em>sensu stricto</em> physiognomy. The woody crown networks (WCN) representations in a bidimensional space were obtained by drawing followed the methodology described by Prado et al. (2020, Prado, C.H.B.A., Trovão, D.M.B.M., Souza, J.P.<strong>,</strong> 2020. A network model for determining the woody crown's decomposition, topology, and properties. Journal of Theoretical Biology, v. 499, p. 110318. https://doi.org/<a href="https://www.x-mol.com/paperRedirect/1258515479077781504">10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110318</a>.). The branching regions were the nodes, and the woody crown segments connecting the nodes or merely emerging from them were the connectors. Those trees grew under natural conditions in a most common (<em>sensu stricto</em>) physiognomy of Cerrado vegetation, in a reservoir of 86 ha, located at 850 m above sea level in São Carlos city, São Paulo state, Brazil, at 21°58'- 22°00'S and 47°51'-47°52'W. Following the Köppen climatic classification, this region is between Aw and Cwa, a tropical climate with dry winter and wet summer. The rainy season occurs between October-March, and the dry season between April and September. </p>
Fraxinus americana (Oleaceae) - woody angiosperms - bark - of a large tree
Image of Fraxinus americana (Oleaceae) - woody angiosperms - bark - of a large tree
Fraxinus americana (Oleaceae) - woody angiosperms - whole tree (or vine) - general
Image of Fraxinus americana (Oleaceae) - woody angiosperms - whole tree (or vine) - general
Tree data: Effects of Deer on Growth and Establishment of Woody Vegetation in Old Fields
The purpose of this experiment is to measure the effects of deer on the growth and establishment of woody vegetation in old fields. This experiment is located in fields A and B. There are 6 plots in each field. Each plot is 10 by 30 meters, with the long axis perpendicular to the field/woods margin. Plots within a field are spaced at least 5 meters apart. Approximately 5 meters of the 30 meters length extends into the woods, the remaining 25 meters extend out into the field. Each plot is divided into twelve, 5 by 5 meter sections. Six quadrats were placed within each exclosure in each 5 meters of length. Plots are located randomly within each of those blocks. To assign locations randomly a grid was set up from 0 - 4 along the length and 0 - 9 along the width of each plot and random numbers were drawn in pairs, one from each of the random distributions. The plots were marked with rebar. Three plots in each field are fenced with poultry netting, approximately 2 meters high, to exclude deer.
Data from: Social-ecological landscape patterns predict woody encroachment from native tree plantings in a temperate grassland
Afforestation is often viewed as the purposeful planting of trees in historically non-forested grasslands, but an unintended consequence is woody encroachment, which should be considered part of the afforestation process. In North America's temperate grassland biome, Eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) is a native species used in tree plantings that aggressively invades in the absence of controlling processes. Cedar is a well-studied woody encroacher, but little is known about the degree to which cedar windbreaks, which are advocated for in agroforestry programs, are contributing to woody encroachment, what factors are associated with cedar spread from windbreaks, nor where encroachment from windbreaks is occurring in contemporary social–ecological landscapes. We used remotely sensed imagery to identify the presence and pattern of woody encroachment from windbreaks in the Nebraska Sandhills. We used multimodel inference to compare three classes of models representing three hypotheses about factors that could influence cedar spread: (a) windbreak models based on windbreak structure and design elements; (b) abiotic models focused on local environmental conditions; and (c) landscape models characterizing coupled human-natural features within the broader matrix. Woody encroachment was evident for 22% of sampled windbreaks in the Nebraska Sandhills. Of our candidate models, our inclusive landscape model carried 92% of the model weight. This model indicated that encroachment from windbreaks was more likely near roadways and less likely near farmsteads, other cedar plantings, and waterbodies, highlighting strong social ties to the distribution of woody encroachment from tree plantings across contemporary landscapes. Cedar control efforts are insufficient for nearly one-quarter of windbreaks in the Nebraska Sandhills. Our model findings indicate where additional investments into cedar control can be prioritized to prevent cedar spread from windbreaks. This approach can serve as a model in other temperate regions to identify where woody encroachment resulting from temperate agroforestry programs is emerging.
Data from: Conservation of old individual trees and small populations is integral to maintain species' genetic diversity of a historically fragmented woody perennial
Historically fragmented and specialised habitats such as granite outcrops are understudied globally unique hotspots of plant evolution. In contrast to predictions based on mainstream population genetics theory, some granite outcrop plants appear to have persisted as very small populations despite prolonged geographic and genetic isolation. Eucalyptus caesia Benth. is a long-lived lignotuberous tree endemic with a naturally fragmented distribution on granite outcrops in south-western Australia. To quantify population to landscape level genetic structure we employed microsatellite genotyping at 14 loci of all plants in 18 stands of E. caesia. Sampled stands were characterised by low levels of genetic diversity, small absolute population sizes, localised clonality and strong fine-scale genetic sub-division. There was no significant relationship between population size and levels of heterozygosity. At the landscape scale, high levels of population genetic differentiation were most pronounced among representatives of the two subspecies in E. caesia as originally circumscribed. Past genetic interconnection was evident between some geographical neighbours separated by up to 20 kilometres. Paradoxically, other pairs of neighbouring stands as little as 7 kilometres apart were genetically distinct. There was no consistent pattern of isolation by distance across the 280 km range of E. caesia. Low levels of gene flow, together with strong drift within stands, provides some explanation of the patterns of genetic differentiation we observed. Individual genet longevity via the ability to repeatedly re-sprout and expand from a lignotuber may enhance the persistence of some woody perennial endemic plants despite small population size, minimal genetic interconnection and low heterozygosity.
Rosa multiflora (Rosaceae) - woody angiosperms - whole tree (or vine) - general
Image of Rosa multiflora (Rosaceae) - woody angiosperms - whole tree (or vine) - general
Data from: Regeneration processes on coarse woody debris in mixed forests: do tree germinants and seedlings have species-specific responses when grown on coarse woody debris?
Tree regeneration on coarse woody debris (CWD) is considered to be one the most ecologically valuable aspects of CWD in forest systems. However, most studies have focused solely on uncovering the differences in establishment and growth on CWD (regarded as a homogeneous substrate) in comparison with the forest floor. Our study concentrates on the underlying mechanisms of germinant and seedling colonization patterns and demographic responses relative to various properties of CWD. We analysed the effects of CWD properties (decay class, form, species and diameter) on: (i) germinant and seedling annual counts; (ii) annual germinant and seedling survival; and (iii) seedling growth and height. Our study comprised three species (beech, fir and spruce) over 7-year span in two old-growth stands in the Western Carpathians, and employed generalized linear models and mixed models to test for differences between species. CWD properties affected regeneration at the germination stage. There were some demographic differences between species relative to CWD properties. Decay class had the most pronounced effect on beech, not only on its establishment but also survival and growth. Beech and spruce established and survived in higher densities on beech CWD, while their height growth was enhanced on conifer-derived CWD, particularly on spruce CWD. Stumps enhanced establishment of all species and survival of conifer seedlings. Synthesis. Our study shows that CWD properties do influence seedling establishment, growth, height distribution and survival. Moreover, there may be trade-offs between seedling growth and survival among tree species growing on different species of CWD. This highlights the need to include CWD heterogeneity as a factor that can affect the role of CWD in regeneration in forest ecosystems.
Interactive effects of tree species mixture and climate on foliar and woody trait variation in a widely distributed deciduous tree
<p><span>Despite increasing reports of severe drought and heat impacts on forest ecosystems, c</span>ommunity-level processes, which could potentially modulate tree responses to climatic stress, are rarely accounted for. While numerous studies<span> indicate a positive effect of species diversity on a wide range of ecosystem functions and services, little is known about how species interactions influence tree responses to climatic variability. We quantified the intraspecific variation in 16 leaf and wood physiological, morphological, and anatomical traits in mature beech trees (<i>Fagus sylvatica</i> L.) at six sites located along a climatic gradient in the French Alps. At each site, we studied pure beech and mixed stands with silver fir (<i>Abies alba </i>Mill.) or downy oak (<i>Quercus pubescens </i>Willd.). We tested how functional traits differed between the two species mixtures (pure <i>vs</i>. mixed stands) within each site and along the climatic gradient. We found significant changes in many traits along the climatic gradient </span>as conditions progressively got drier and warmer<span>. Independent of the mixture, reduced leaf-level CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation, stomatal size, and thicker leaf cuticles, consistent with a more conservative resource use strategy, were found. At the drier sites, higher foliar stable carbon isotopic composition (</span><span>d</span><sup><span>13</span></sup><span>C), thicker mesophyll tissues, and lower specific leaf area (SLA) in pure stands suggests that beech had more acquisitive traits there compared to mixed stands. At the wetter sites, trees in beech-silver fir mixtures had higher chlorophyll concentration, lower </span><span>d</span><sup><span>13</span></sup><span>C, larger xylem vessels, and higher SLA, suggesting a more acquisitive resource use strategy in mixed stands than in pure stands. </span>Our work revealed that species interactions are significant modulators of functional traits, and that they can be just as important drivers of intraspecific trait variation as climatic conditions. <span>We show that downy oak mixtures lead to an adaptive drought response by common beech in dry environments. In contrast, in milder climates, interactions with silver fir seem to increase beech' resource acquisition and productivity. These findings highlight a strong context-dependency and imply that incorporating local interspecific interactions in research on climate impacts could improve our understanding and predictions of forest dynamics.</span></p>
Facilitation by isolated trees triggers woody encroachment and a biome shift at the savanna-forest transition
<p>1. Woody encroachment into grassy biomes is a global phenomenon, often resulting in a nearly complete turnover of species, with savanna specialists being replaced by forest-adapted species. Understanding the mechanisms involved in this change is important for devising strategies for managing savannas.</p> <p>2. We examined how isolated trees favor woody encroachment and species turnover by overcoming dispersal limitation and environmental filtering. In a savanna released from fire in southeastern Brazil (Cerrado) we sampled woody plants establishing under 40 tree canopies and in paired treeless plots. These trees comprised eight species selected for habitat preference (savanna or forest) and dispersal syndrome (bird-dispersed or not). We recorded dimensions of each tree, dispersal syndrome and habitat preference of recruits, and quantified the physical environment within each plot, aiming at a mechanistic understanding of woody encroachment.</p> <p>3. We found clear evidence that isolated trees cause nucleation and drive changes in functional composition of savanna. Effectiveness as nucleator differed among species, but was unrelated to their functional guilds (habitat preference or dispersal syndrome). Density of saplings in nuclei was partially explained by soil moisture (+), daily temperature amplitude (-), and sum of bases (-).</p> <p>4. Our results indicate that isolated trees act first as perches, strongly favoring bird-dispersed species. They then act as nurse trees, considerably changing the environment in favor of forest-adapted recruits. In the long term, as the nuclei expand and merge, savanna specialists tend to disappear and the savanna turns into a low-diversity forest.</p> <p>5. Synthesis and applications: Fire suppression has allowed the nucleation process and consequently the woody encroachment and fast replacement of savanna specialists by forest species in the Cerrado. By elucidating the mechanisms behind woody encroachment, we recommend using prescribed fires to burn forest seedlings and to reduce tree canopy size wherever the management goal is to maintain the typical savanna structure and composition.</p>
Preserving the woody plant tree of life in China under future climate and land-cover changes
<p><span>The tree of life (TOL) is severely threatened by climate and land-cover changes. Preserving the TOL is urgent, but has not been included in the post-2020 global biodiversity framework. Protected areas (PAs) are fundamental for biological conservation. However, we know little about the effectiveness of existing PAs in preserving the TOL of plants and how to prioritize PA expansion for better TOL preservation under future climate and land-cover changes. Here, using high-resolution distribution maps of 8732 woody species in China and phylogeny-based Zonation, we find that current PAs perform poorly in preserving the TOL </span><span>both at the present and in the 2070s</span><span>. The geographical coverage of TOL branches by current PAs is ca. 9%, and < 3% of the identified priority areas for preserving the TOL are currently protected. Interestingly, the geographical coverage of TOL branches by PAs will be improved from 9% to 52–79% by the identified priority areas for PA expansion. Human pressures in the identified priority areas are high, leading to high costs for future PA expansion. We thus suggest that besides nature reserves and national parks, other effective area-based conservation measures should be considered. Our study argues for the inclusion of preserving the TOL in the post-2020 conservation framework and provides references for decision-makers </span><span>to preserve the Earth's evolutionary history.</span></p>
Data manuscript Gomez et al. Facilitation by pioneer trees and herbivore exclusion allow regeneration of woody species in the semiarid ecosystem of central Chile. Applied Vegetation Science
<p>Data of the paper: Nicolás Gómez-Fernández, Cecilia Smith-Ramírez, Cristian A. Delpiano, Alejandro Miranda, Inao Vásquez, Pablo I. Becerra<span>. </span>Facilitation by pioneer trees and herbivore exclusion allow regeneration of woody species in the semiarid ecosystem of central Chile. Applied Vegetation Science</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Facilitation by isolated trees triggers woody encroachment and a biome shift at the savanna-forest transition
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Data from: Woody climbers show greater population genetic differentiation than trees: insights into the link between ecological traits and diversification
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