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100 results for “xylem”
Linking Xylem Diameter Variations with Sap Flow Measurements at Harvard Forest 2003-2006
Measurements of variation in the diameter of tree stems provide a rapid response, high resolution tool for detecting changes in water tension inside the xylem. Water movement inside the xylem is caused by changes in the water tension and theoretically, the sap flow rate should be directly proportional to the water tension gradient and, therefore, also linearly linked to the xylem diameter variations. The coefficient of proportionality describes the water conductivity and elasticity of the conducting tissue. Xylem diameter variation measurements could thus provide an alternative approach for estimating sap flow rates, but currently we lack means for calibration. On the other hand, xylem diameter variation measurements could also be used as a tool for studying xylem structure and function. If we knew both the water tension in the xylem and the sap flow rate, xylem conductivity and/or elasticity could be calculated from the slope of their relationship. In this study we measured diurnal xylem diameter variation simultaneously with sap flow rates (Granier-type thermal method) in six deciduous species (Acer rubrum L., Alnus glutinosa Miller, Betula lenta L., Fagus Sylvatica L. Quercus rubra L., and Tilia vulgaris L.) for 7-91 day periods during summers 2003, 2005 and 2006 and analyzed the relationship between these two measurements. We found that in all species xylem diameter variations and sap flow rate were linearly related in daily scale (daily average R 2 = 0.61-0.87) but there was a significant variation in the daily slopes of the linear regressions. The largest variance in the slopes, however, was found between species, which is encouraging for finding a species specific calibration method for measuring sap flow rates using xylem diameter variations. At a daily timescale, xylem diameter variation and sap flow rate were related to each other via a hysteresis loop. The slopes during the morning and afternoon did not differ statistically significantly from each other,
Xylem Embolism Formation, Refilling and Water Storage in Tree Trunks at Harvard Forest 2012
Trunks of large trees play an important role in whole-plant water balance but technical difficulties have limited most hydraulic research to small stems, leaves and roots. To investigate the dynamics of water-related processes in tree trunks, such as winter embolism refilling, xylem hydraulic vulnerability, and water storage, volumetric water content (VWC) in the main stem was monitored continuously using frequency domain moisture sensors in adult Betula papyrifera trees from early spring through the beginning of winter. An air injection technique was developed to estimate hydraulic vulnerability of the trunk xylem. Trunk VWC increased in early spring and again in autumn concurrent with root pressure during both seasons. Diurnal fluctuations and a gradual decrease in trunk VWC through the growing season were observed, which, in combination with VWC increase after significant rainfall events and depletion during periods of high water demand, indicate the importance of stem water storage in both short-and long-term water balance. Comparisons between the trunk air injection results and conventional branch hydraulic vulnerability curves showed no evidence of “vulnerability segmentation” between the main stem and small branches in B. papyrifera. Measurements of VWC following air injection, together with evidences from air injection and xylem dye perfusion, indicate that embolized vessels can be refilled by active root pressure but not in the absence of root pressure. The precise, continuous and non-destructive measurement of wood water content using frequency domain sensors provides an ideal way to probe many hydraulic processes in large tree trunks that are otherwise difficult to investigate.
Survey data of xylem-sap feeding Auchenorrhyncha
<p>The recent outbreaks of the xylem-limited bacterium <em>Xylella fastidiosa</em> in Europe require the improvement of prevention measures and of integrated management strategies for the diseases caused by this destructive pathogen. These needs are adressed by the XF-ACTORS consortium. Within the workpackage 5 of this project, faunistic surveys have been carried out in various habitats of southern and central Europe and in olive groves in Brazil to monitor the presence of xylem-sap feeding Auchenorrhyncha as confirmed or potential vectors of <em>X. fastidiosa</em>. The metadata of the collection are reported in this database. It provides general information about the occurrence and abundance of xylem-sap feeder species in Europe.</p> <p>This work has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under Grant Agreement No. 727987 - XF-ACTORS “Xylella Fastidiosa Active Containment Through a multidisciplinary-Oriented Research Strategy”</p>
Xylem conductances of 24 tree species of Europe
<p>The dataset contains the xylem conductances (<em>k</em><sub>s</sub>) in kg m<sup>-2</sup>MPa<sup>-1</sup>s<sup>-1,</sup> and mm<sub>H2O </sub>mm<sup>-1</sup>s<sup>-1</sup> as the Community Land Model 5.0 (CLM5) requires. In addition, the data set has individual records of 24 tree species describing the plant functional types broadleaf deciduous (BDT), broadleaf evergreen (BET), and needleleaf evergreen (NET) trees. The data comes from 21 references from European experiments.</p> <p>The tree species selected for this data set are:</p> <p>BDT: <em>Acer pseudoplatanus, Betula occidentalis, Carpinus betulus, Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus excelsior,Quercus alba, Quercus cerris, Quercus petraea, Quercus pubescens, Quercus robur, Quercus rubra, Tilia cordata, Carpinus orientalis, Quercus frainetto.</em></p> <p>BET: <em>Quercus ilex, Quercus suber, Arbutus unedo.</em></p> <p>NET: <em>Abies bornmulleriana, Picea abies, Pinus pinaster, Pinus sylvestris, Tsuga heterophylla, Pinus nigra, Pseudotsuga menziesii.</em></p> <p>Special consideration was taken to <em>Pseudotsuga menziesii</em>, which was included in the data set by selecting only the European records. The species was included in a European data set because of its importance as an introduced commercial tree species for the European continent.</p> <p>The individual xylem conductances were retrieved directly from tables, manuscript text, or figures. The online tool WebPlotDigitizer (https://automeris.io/WebPlotDigitizer) was used to retrieve individual records.</p>
Xylem water oxygen and hydrogen isotopes of Ponderosa Pine trees and soil samples in the southwestern U.S. 2018 and 2021
Across seven sites in southern Utah and northern Arizona, we collected precipitation, xylem water, and soil water isotope samples during two years: 2018 and 2021. All xylem water samples were collected from mature Ponderosa pine forests. At each site, xylem water samples were collected from the same 15 trees during two periods during 2018, and three periods during 2021. Soil pits were dug close to the trees and soil samples were collected at 5, 25, and 45cm depth close to the tree xylem samples. In 2021, we also collected precipitation isotopes using a rain gauge that was topped with mineral oil to prevent evaporation.
del 15N Values for Tanana River Floodplain Soils and Xylem Sap Samples
Because soil microoorganisms preferencially discriminate either for or against heavy nitrogen isotopes in organic compounds we can learn something about the route these compounds take through any given system by looking at the isotopic ratio of heavy to light nitrogen within a pool as compared to the ratio for the system as a whole. An enriched pool means that 15N has been discriminated for, while a depleted pool means 15N has been discriminated against. By determining the del 15N values for soil protein, amino acids, ammonium, the soil microbial population, and plant roots and xylem we can learn something about where plants are deriving there nitrogen nutrition.
DART-TOFMS of heartwood and xylem anatomy of Afzelia bipindensis and Afzelia pachyloba
<p>Anatomical and spectral data of heartwood of <em>Afzelia bipindensis</em> and <em>A. pachyloba. </em>The spectra was measured by direct analysis in real-time (DART) time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) of 50 trees of <em>Afzelia bipindensis</em> and 39 of <em>A. pachyloba</em>. Specimens from the xylarium collection of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in Ashland, Oregon, USA. Mass spectra of the emitted wood compounds were acquired in positive ion mode over the mass range of m/z 60 to 1100. Poly(ethylene glycol) 600 (Ultra Scientific, Kingstown, Rhode Island, USA) was used as a mass calibration standard after every fifth sample. The DART source parameters settings were the same as described by Espinoza et al. IAWA J 36: 311–325 (2015) and Evans et al. IAWA J 38: 266-281 (2017).</p> <p>Xylem vessel tangential lumen diameter (µm) measured in transverse sections of wood of five trees of <em>Afzelia bipindensis</em> and five of <em>A. pachyloba</em>. Specimens from the xylarium of the Royal Museum for Central Africa in Belgium.</p> <p>Xylem ray height and width (µm) measured in tangential sections of wood of five trees of <em>Afzelia bipindensis</em> and five of <em>A. pachyloba</em>. Specimens from the xylarium of the Royal Museum for Central Africa in Belgium.</p>
Temperate woody angiosperm (Acer, Ilex, Magnolia) drought tolerance (TLP, xylem embolism) data, Arnold Arboretum and Scott Arboretum, MA/PA, USA, 2019-22
Understanding the capacity of temperate trees to acclimate to limited soil water has become essential in the face of increasing drought risk due to climate change. We documented seasonal – or phenological – patterns in acclimation to water deficit stress in stems and leaves of tree species spanning the angiosperm phylogeny. Over three years of field observations carried out in two U.S. arboreta, we measured stem vulnerability to embolism (36 individuals of 7 Species) and turgor loss point (119 individuals of 27 species) over the growing season. We also conducted a growth chamber experiment on 20 individuals of one species to assess the mechanistic relationship between soil water restriction and acclimation. In three quarters of species measured, plants became less vulnerable to embolism and/or loss of turgor over the growing season. We were able to stimulate this acclimatory effect by withholding water in the growth chamber experiment. Temperate angiosperms are capable of acclimation to soil water deficit stress, showing maximum vulnerability to soil water deficits following budbreak and becoming more resilient to damage over the course of the growing season or in response to simulated drought. The species-specific tempo and extent of this acclimatory potential constitutes preadaptive climate change resilience.
Climate Change Across Seasons Experiment (CCASE) at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: Branch Xylem Water Isotopic Composition
Natural abundance stable isotopes of oxygen, hydrogen, and deuterium-excess in branch xylem water were measured within the Climate Change Across Seasons Experiment (CCASE) plots. There are six plots total (each 11 x 14 m). Two are warmed 5 degrees C throughout the growing season (Plots 3 and 4). Two others are warmed 5 degrees C in the growing season and have snow removed during winter to induce soil freezing and then warming cables turn on to create thaws; each soil freeze/thaw cycle includes 72-hours of soil freezing followed by 72-hours of thaw (Plots 5 and 6). Four kilometers (2.5 mi) of heating cable are buried in the soil to warm these four plots. Two additional plots serve as controls for our experiment (Plots 1 and 2). This data set includes natural abundance stable isotopes of oxygen, hydrogen, and deuterium-excess in branch xylem water from 2018. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Negative allometry of leaf xylem conduit diameter and double-wall thickness: implications for implosion safety
<p>Xylem conduits have lignified walls to resist crushing pressures. The thicker the double-wall (<em>T</em>) relative to its diameter (<em>D</em>), the greater the implosion safety. Having safer conduits may incur higher costs and reduced flow, while having less resistant xylem may lead to catastrophic collapse under drought. Although recent studies have shown that conduit implosion commonly occurs in leaves, little is known about how leaf xylem scales <em>T</em> versus <em>D</em> to trade off safety, flow efficiency, mechanical support, and cost.</p> <p>We measured <em>T</em> and <em>D</em> in > 7,000 conduits of 122 species to investigate how <em>T</em> versus <em>D</em> scaling varies across clades, habitats, growth forms, leaf and vein sizes.</p> <p>As conduits become wider, their double-cell walls become proportionally thinner, resulting in a negative allometry between <em>T</em> and <em>D</em>. That is, narrower conduits, which are usually subjected to more negative pressures, are proportionally safer than wider ones. Higher implosion safety (i.e higher <em>T/D</em> ratios) was found in asterids, arid habitats, shrubs, small leaves, and minor veins.</p> <p>Despite the strong allometry, implosion safety does not clearly trade off with other measured leaf functions, suggesting that implosion safety at whole-leaf level cannot be easily predicted solely by individual conduits' anatomy.</p>
High variation in hydraulic efficiency but not xylem safety between roots and branches in four temperate broad-leaved tree species
<p>Xylem hydraulic safety and efficiency are key traits determining tree fitness in a warmer and drier world. While numerous plant hydraulic studies have focused on branches, our understanding of root hydraulic functioning remains limited, although roots control water uptake, influence stomatal regulation and have commonly been considered as the most vulnerable organ along the hydraulic pathway. We investigated 11 traits related to xylem safety and efficiency along the hydraulic pathway in four temperate broad-leaved tree species. Continuous vessel tapering from coarse roots to stems and branches caused considerable reduction in hydraulic efficiency. Wood density was always lowest in roots, but did not decline linearly along the flow path. In contrast, xylem embolism resistance (P50) did not differ significantly between roots and branches, except for one species. The limited variation in xylem safety between organs did not adequately reflect the corresponding reductions in vessel diameter (by ~70%) and hydraulic efficiency (by ~85%). Although we did not observe any trade-off between xylem safety and specific conductivity, vessel diameter, vessel lumen fraction and wood density were related to embolism resistance, both across and partly within organs. We conclude that coarse roots are not highly vulnerable to xylem embolism as commonly believed, indicating that hydraulic failure during soil drying might be restricted to fine roots.</p>
Data supporting "Stems Matter: Xylem Physiological Limits Are an Accessible and Critical Improvement to Models of Plant Gas Exchange in Deep Time"
<p>Model outputs from from <em>Paleo</em>-BGC and <em>Paleo</em>-BGC+. Code detailing data structure and allowing reproduction of analysis can be found at github.com/wjmatthaeus</p>
Data from: Addressing controversies in the xylem embolism resistance – vessel diameter relationship
<ol> <li class="MsoNormal">Although xylem embolism is a key process during drought-induced tree mortality, its relationship to wood anatomy remains debated. While the functional link between bordered pits and embolism resistance is known, there is no direct, mechanistic explanation for the traditional assumption that wider vessels are more vulnerable than narrow ones.</li> <li class="MsoNormal">We used data from 20 temperate broad-leaved tree species to study the inter- and intraspecific relationship of water potential at 50% loss of conductivity (<em>P</em><sub>50</sub>) with hydraulically-weighted vessel diameter (<em>D</em><sub>h</sub>) and tested its link to pit membrane thickness (<em>T</em><sub>PM</sub>) and specific conductivity (<em>K</em><sub>s</sub>) on species level.</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Embolism-resistant species had thick pit membranes and narrow vessels. While <em>D</em><sub>h</sub> was weakly associated with <em>T</em><sub>PM</sub>, the <em>P</em><sub>50</sub> – <em>D</em><sub>h</sub> relationship remained highly significant after accounting for <em>T</em><sub>PM</sub>. The interspecific pattern between <em>P</em><sub>50</sub> and <em>D</em><sub>h</sub> was mirrored by a link between <em>P</em><sub>50</sub> and <em>K</em><sub>s</sub>, but there was no evidence for an intraspecific relationship.</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Our results provide robust evidence for an interspecific <em>P</em><sub>50</sub> – <em>D</em><sub>h</sub> relationship across our species. As a potential cause for the inconsistencies in published <em>P</em><sub>50</sub> – <em>D</em><sub>h</sub> relationships, our analysis suggests differences in the range of traits values covered, and the level of data aggregation (species, tree, or sample level) studied.</li> </ol>
Data from: Conflicting functional effects of xylem pit structure relate to the growth-longevity trade-off in a conifer species
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A higher tissue fraction of parenchyma in secondary xylem supports growth recovery of angiosperm trees after drought
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Negative allometry of leaf xylem conduit diameter and double-wall thickness: implications for implosion safety
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Seasonal climate variations drive decoupling between the duration and amount of xylem growth along a hydrothermal gradient in the southern Altai Mountains
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Data from: Addressing controversies in the xylem embolism resistance – vessel diameter relationship
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High variation in hydraulic efficiency but not xylem safety between roots and branches in four temperate broad-leaved tree species
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Data from: Anatomy of an agricultural antagonist: Feeding complex structure and function of three xylem sap-feeding insects illuminated with synchrotron-based 3D imaging
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