The Calvin Cycle (AKA Light-Independent Reactions)
See our Environmental Science Products Environmental Science The Calvin(-Benson-Bassham) (CBB) cycle, also named reductive pentose phosphate pathway or dark reactions, is a group of biochemical reactions in photoautotrophs. These reactions form the light-independent stage of photosynthesis, where the energy converted from light is used to assimilate carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The fixed carbon molecules […]
What are the Benefits of Genetic Engineering?
Genetic engineering is a technology in molecular biology that uses recombinant DNA technology to manipulate genetic materials. The technology aims to construct customized proteins or modify the working of biological systems, which leads to the creation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). The application of genetic engineering has improved and developed new techniques and technologies that […]
Introduction to Artificial Enzymes
What Are Artificial Enzymes? The term artificial enzyme loosely describes a molecule that attempts to imitate, recreate or modify naturally occurring biochemical reactions. Molecules are designed and modified to display enzyme-like characteristics. For instance, artificial enzymes may mimic the catalytic ability and specificity of a well-characterized enzyme or catalyze non-naturally occurring chemical reactions using known […]
Biological Relevance of Gene Shuffling
What Is Gene Shuffling? Gene shuffling is the process of creating genetic recombination in any biological system, which results in new genetic combinations that lead to differences in the genetic makeup of an individual in the population. The unique genetic composition accounts for variations that explain the differences between individuals and population groups. Also, the […]
Nitrogen Cycle Steps and Their Relevance in the Ecosystem
The nitrogen cycle is a group of biogeochemical processes that harvest the element (nitrogen) from the Earth’s reservoirs, transform it into biologically active chemical forms so that organisms in the ecosystem can consume and reap benefits before returning the element to its sources. The chemical transformation in each nitrogen cycle step redistributes nitrogen between the […]
Soil Biology: How It Influences Soil Formation
Soil biology is a branch of science that focuses on the organisms living in or interacting with the soil. These organisms can be microorganisms such as bacteria or fungi, or macroorganisms such as plants and animals. Their activities instigate physical, chemical, and biological processes that take place above and below ground. In the long run, […]
Electron Transport Chain: Components, Steps, and Importance
See our Environmental Science Products Environmental Science The electron transport chain (ETC) is a group of protein complexes that function in the last stage of cellular respiration. In eukaryotes, the electron transport chain is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane where each component acts in sequence to catalyze redox reactions, transfer electrons from their donor […]
Clark Oxygen Electrode: Principle and Limitations
See our Environmental Science Products Environmental Science Clark Oxygen Electrode is a silver-platinum electrochemical cell whose electrodes are covered by non-conductive membranes. They are used to measure gaseous or solubilized oxygen in the liquid. Clark oxygen electrodes rely on the limited permeability to oxygen of non-conductive membranes, which reduces oxygen loss at the electrodes and […]
Cellular Respiration Equation, Steps, Types and Importance
See our Environmental Science Products Environmental Science What is Cellular Respiration? Cellular respiration is a cellular catabolic process that transfers the energy embedded in carbohydrate molecules into energy carriers such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Cellular respiration can take place with and without oxygen. Aerobic respiration occurs when oxygen is present, and it consists of four […]