Figure 15 in Functional morphology of neck musculature in the Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda) as determined via a hierarchical inferential approach

Figure 15. Photographic-style representation of Tyrannosaurus rex (AMNH 5027) neck muscles, with definitive osteological correlates, visible in lateral view. A–C represent successively deeper layers. Varying hues represent transversospinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis and longus derivatives derivatives, respectively. Some muscles are omitted for clarity, including mm. interspinales between neural spines, and m. iliocostalis cervicis that inserted medially on the cervical ribs. M. transversospinalis capitis and cervicis, and m. longissimus capitis superficialis, are drawn as gradients to show tendinous anterior insertions. M. transversospinalis capitis is depicted as reflected downwards to show epipophyses of several vertebrae, to which it would insert and/or posterior parts of M. complexus would originate. M. iliocostalis capitis is rendered as having individual slips that arose from heads of the cervical ribs, one interpretation of this muscle's osteological origins. M. rectus capitis ventralis originates from the ventral surfaces of the anterior cervicals, and is restored here as passing medial to the anterior cervical ribs. The skull has been displaced slightly anteriorly, to compensate for an anteroposteriorly compressed C1 in this specimen.