FIGURE 4 in A new species of Phymastichus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae parasitic on Xyleborus beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in Hawaiʻi and aspects of its biology, life history, and behavior

FIGURE 4. Parasitism of bark beetles by Phymastichus. a: Two Xyleborus ferrugineus beetles in octopus tree from Kahana Bay, Oʻahu with typical Phymastichus emergence holes. b: Xyleborus ferrugineus beetle in Acacia koa from Waʻahila ridge on Oʻahu with a (presumably) Phymastichus emergence hole. c: The same beetle as in (b) partially extracted from wood to show its position; d: X. ferrugineus from octopus tree near Kahana Bay, Oʻahu, broken open between the pro- and mesothorax to show Phymastichus pupae developing inside. On the left is the anterior part of the beetle with the male P. holoholo pupa positioned transversely inside. On the right is the rest of the beetle, the female pupa positioned with its head towards the back of the beetle; e: The pupae in (d) removed from the beetle, female on the right, male on the left; f,g: Xyleborus ferrugineus from octopus tree near Kahana Bay, Oʻahu with P. holoholo emergence holes; h: Xyleborus affinis from octopus tree near Kahana Bay, Oʻahu with a partially emerged Phymastichus holoholo adult female still inside. i: Hawaiian endemic Xyleborus lanaiensis from ʻālaʻa (Planchonella sandwicensis) with a (presumably) Phymastichus emergence hole; j: Xylosandrus crassiusculus from octopus tree near Kahana Bay, Oʻahu with a Phymastichus holoholo emergence hole.