Figure 62 in Comprehensive phenotypic phylogenetic analysis supports the monophyly of stromateiform fishes (Teleostei: Percomorphacea)

Figure 62. Diagrammatic cross-sections of the pharyngeal sac of the ariommatid Ariomma indicum (A), the stromateid Stromateus fiatola (B), the centrolophid Centrolophus niger (C) and the nomeid Cubiceps capensis (D). The pointy projections emerging from the internal walls of the pharyngeal sac (A–D) represent the sac papillae, and arrows (in C, D) indicate the greatly enlarged, posteriorly directed, toothed gill rakers. In ariommatids (A) and stromateids (B), the internal lining of the sac is classified as papillary (or polypoid), whereas the presence of enlarged rakers entering the pharyngeal sac of centrolophids (C) and nomeids (D) gives the sac a folded (or wrinkled) aspect. The obliquely shaded oval structures (C, D) represent the elongated fourth upper pharyngeal tooth plates. They are not shown in ariommatids (A) and stromateids (B) because they extend only into the anterior half of the sac. Figure modified from Barnard (1948: fig. 10).