Figure 3. A in Making shelter for enemies: parasitoid-induced shelter-building behaviour in Paraponyx stagnalis

Figure 3. A pictorial representation of the Paraponyx stagnalis life cycle. (a) Eggs are laid on the abaxial side of the leaf. (b) Newly emerged first-instar larvae are feeding on the leaf tissue. (c,d) Larvae making the leaf shelter. (e) Folded leaf case in the rice leaf. (f) Tubular cases fall off the rice plant, floating on the water. (g) The rice case worm uses its legs to climb up adjacent plants. (h) Caterpillars feed on leaves. (i) Pupae adhere to the culms of rice paddy saplings via the lateral border of the cases, slightly above the water surface.