Knockdown resistance (kdr) genotypes and collection information for Aedes aegytpi from Iquitos, Peru (2000 - 2017)

<p>This study describes the evolution of <i>knockdown resistance (kdr)</i> haplotypes in <i>Aedes aegypti</i> in response to pyrethroid insecticide use over the course of 18 years in Iquitos, Peru. Based on the duration and intensiveness<span> of sampling (~10,000 samples), this is the most thorough study of kdr population genetics in <i>Ae. aegypti</i> to date within a city.</span> We provide evidence for the direct connection between programmatic citywide pyrethroid spraying and the increase in frequency of specific <i>kdr</i> haplotypes by identifying two evolutionary events in the population. The relatively high selection coefficients, even under infrequent insecticide pressure, emphasize how quickly <i>Ae. aegypti </i>populations can evolve. In our examination of the literature on mosquitoes and other insect pests, we could find no cases where a pest evolved so quickly to so few exposures to low or non-residual insecticide applications. <span>The observed rapid increase in frequency of resistance alleles might have been aided by the incomplete dominance of resistance-conferring alleles over corresponding susceptibility alleles.</span> In addition to dramatic temporal shifts, spatial suppression experiments reveal that genetic heterogeneity existed not only at the citywide scale, but also on a very fine scale within the city.</p>