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FIGURE 11 in Studies in Mexican Grasshoppers: Three new species of Dactylotini (Acrididae: Melanoplinae) from Mexico and a review of existing conspecifics with comments on their geographical distributions

FIGURE 11. Dasyscirtus hirsutus CURATED MALE SPECIMEN: INTERNAL GENITALIA (KOH-CLEARED): A. COMPLETE PHALLIC COMPLEX, DORSAL VIEW; B. EPIPHALLUS, DORSAL VIEW; C. ECTOPHALLUS/ENDOPHALLUS, LEFT LATERAL VIEW; D. ECTOPHALLUS/ENDOPHALLUS, DORSAL VIEW.

FIGURE 13 in Studies in Mexican Grasshoppers: Three new species of Dactylotini (Acrididae: Melanoplinae) from Mexico and a review of existing conspecifics with comments on their geographical distributions

FIGURE 13. Dasyscirtus hirsutus CURATED FEMALE SPECIMEN: EXTERNAL GENITALIA: A. DORSAL VIEW; B. LEFT LATERAL VIEW; C. VENTRAL VIEW.

FIGURE 24 in Studies in Mexican Grasshoppers: Three new species of Dactylotini (Acrididae: Melanoplinae) from Mexico and a review of existing conspecifics with comments on their geographical distributions

FIGURE 24. Perixerus squamipennis CURATED FEMALE SPECIMEN: EXTERNAL GENITALIA: A. DORSAL VIEW; B. LEFT LATERAL VIEW; C. VENTRAL VIEW.

FIGURE 20 in Studies in Mexican Grasshoppers: Three new species of Dactylotini (Acrididae: Melanoplinae) from Mexico and a review of existing conspecifics with comments on their geographical distributions

FIGURE 20. Perixerus squamipennis CURATED MALE SPECIMEN: A. HABITUS, LEFT LATERAL VIEW; B. THORAX, DORSAL VIEW.

FIGURE 32 in Studies in Mexican Grasshoppers: Three new species of Dactylotini (Acrididae: Melanoplinae) from Mexico and a review of existing conspecifics with comments on their geographical distributions

FIGURE 32. Perixerus triqui sp. nov. HOLOTYPE MALE SPECIMEN: INTERNAL GENITALIA (KOH-CLEARED): A. COMPLETE PHALLIC COMPLEX, DORSAL VIEW; B. EPIPHALLUS, DORSAL VIEW; C. ECTOPHALLUS/ENDOPHALLUS, LEFT LATERAL VIEW; D. ECTOPHALLUS/ENDOPHALLUS, DORSAL VIEW.

FIGURE 34 in Studies in Mexican Grasshoppers: Three new species of Dactylotini (Acrididae: Melanoplinae) from Mexico and a review of existing conspecifics with comments on their geographical distributions

FIGURE 34. Perixerus triqui sp. nov. PARATYPE FEMALE SPECIMEN: EXTERNAL GENITALIA: A. DORSAL VIEW; B. LEFT LATERAL VIEW; C. VENTRAL VIEW.

FIGURE 31 in Studies in Mexican Grasshoppers: Three new species of Dactylotini (Acrididae: Melanoplinae) from Mexico and a review of existing conspecifics with comments on their geographical distributions

FIGURE 31. Perixerus triqui sp. nov. HOLOTYPE MALE SPECIMEN: EXTERNAL GENITALIA: A. LEFT LATERAL VIEW; B. DORSAL VIEW; INTERNAL GENITALIA (DRY): C. LEFT LATERAL VIEW; D. DORSAL VIEW.

FIGURE 28 in Studies in Mexican Grasshoppers: Three new species of Dactylotini (Acrididae: Melanoplinae) from Mexico and a review of existing conspecifics with comments on their geographical distributions

FIGURE 28. Perixerus obscurus sp. nov. PARATYPE FEMALE SPECIMEN: A. HABITUS, LEFT LATERAL VIEW; B. THORAX, DORSAL VIEW.

FIGURE 5 in Studies in Mexican Grasshoppers: Three new species of Dactylotini (Acrididae: Melanoplinae) from Mexico and a review of existing conspecifics with comments on their geographical distributions

FIGURE 5. Dasyscirtus olivaceus CURATED MALE SPECIMEN: INTERNAL GENITALIA (KOH-CLEARED): A. COMPLETE PHALLIC COMPLEX, DORSAL VIEW; B. EPIPHALLUS, DORSAL VIEW; C. ECTOPHALLUS/ENDOPHALLUS, LEFT LATERAL VIEW; D. ECTOPHALLUS/ENDOPHALLUS, DORSAL VIEW.

Figure 3 in Tetraploidy in the Boettger's dwarf clawed frog (Pipidae: Hymenochirus boettgeri) from the Congo indicates non-conspecificity with the captive population

Figure 3. Karyotypes of (A) Hymenochirus boettgeri (IVB-H-CG17-356, male) with 18 homologous chromosome pairs, and (B) Hymenochirus sp. (IVB-H-Hsp06, female) with 10 pairs of A chromosomes and one B chromosome, arranged from Giemsa-stained chromosomes. Chromosomes were cut from metaphase spreads on the left. Long lines in karyotype arrangements indicate the position of chromosome centromere. Short vertical and horizontal lines correspond to the scale = 10 μm.

Figure 4 in Tetraploidy in the Boettger's dwarf clawed frog (Pipidae: Hymenochirus boettgeri) from the Congo indicates non-conspecificity with the captive population

Figure 4. Hymenochirus boettgeri (IVB-H-CG17-356, male), sequential fluorescent chromosome mapping—DAPI, CMA3, C-banding, ribosomal DNA (rDNA) FISH, small nuclear DNA (snDNA) FISH; and non-sequential whole-genome painting on metaphase spread. A, DAPI (black and white, B&W) consistently stains all 36 chromosomes. B, CMA3 banding in green shows nucleolar secondary constriction (NOR locus) on the p arm of chromosome 4 that co-localizes with 28S. C, C-banding (B&W, brighter staining) highlights heterochromatic blocks on telomeric and pericentromeric regions of seven homologous chromosomes (14 arrows). D, FISH with 28S (red) ribosomal probes shows the p arm of chromosome 4. E, FISH with U1 (red) and U2 (green) snDNA probes shows very weak signals. The U1 probe maps to the q arm of chromosome 1, the U2 probe maps to the q arm of chromosome 8. F, genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) with Hymenochirus sp. whole-genome painting DNA probe that hybridizes to all 36 chromosomes with different intensity. Arrows show the less intensely painted chromosome pair. Scale bars represent 10 μm.

Figure 6 in Tetraploidy in the Boettger's dwarf clawed frog (Pipidae: Hymenochirus boettgeri) from the Congo indicates non-conspecificity with the captive population

Figure 6. Schematic representation of the chromosomal location of the U1 (red) and U2 (green) snDNAs, 5S (dark blue) and 28S (yellow) rDNAs, and C-bands (dark grey) in H. boettgeri (Congo) and Hymenochirus sp. (captive population). The haploid A chromosome set of each species, 18 chromosomes in H. boettgeri and 10 chromosomes in Hymenochirus sp., is arranged in descending order of size. The B chromosome of Hymenochirus sp. is depicted separately from the A chromosomes and is entirely covered in grey, as revealed by C-banding. The 5S rDNA locus was not detected in H. boettgeri and is only depicted in the Hymenochirus sp. karyotype. Mapping of the U1 snDNA locus identified a pericentric inversion or copy number reduction/expansion visible on non-homologous regions of chromosome 1. Created with BioRender.com.

Figure 5 in Tetraploidy in the Boettger's dwarf clawed frog (Pipidae: Hymenochirus boettgeri) from the Congo indicates non-conspecificity with the captive population

Figure 5. Hymenochirus sp. (IVB-H-Hsp06, female), sequential fluorescent chromosome mapping (DAPI, CMA3, C-banding, rDNA FISH), non-sequential snDNA FISH, and whole-genome painting on metaphase spread. A, DAPI (B&W) counter-stained metaphase spread shows all 21 chromosomes. B, CMA3 banding in green shows NOR locus on the p arm of chromosome 4. CMA3 signal co-localizes with 28S locus. C, C-banding (B&W, brighter staining) highlights heterochromatic blocks on telomeric and pericentromeric regions of almost all chromosomes. In addition, the whole B chromosome is intensely banded (arrow). D, 5S (green) and 28S (red) rDNA loci are located on the q arm of chromosome 6 and p arm of chromosome 4, respectively. The 5S rDNA is situated on two different chromosomal loci within the single q arm. E, the snDNA loci U1 (red) and U2 (green) are located on the p arm of chromosome 1 and the q arm of chromosome 8, respectively. F, the GISH experiment of the H. boettgeri whole-genome painting probe, which hybridizes on Hymenochirus sp. chromosomes. All chromosomes are painted (red) except one, B chromosome, which shows no GISH signal and is DAPI-positive (arrow). Scale bars represent 10 μm.

Figure 2 in Tetraploidy in the Boettger's dwarf clawed frog (Pipidae: Hymenochirus boettgeri) from the Congo indicates non-conspecificity with the captive population

Figure 2. Phylogenetic trees of dwarf clawed frogs. Maximum likelihood mtDNA (16S, left) and nDNA (rag1, right) trees showing the positions of karyotyped individuals (in bold) in the context of available molecular sampling retrieved from GenBank (acc. nos. listed). For sampling details, see Supporting Information, Table S1.

Figure 1 in Tetraploidy in the Boettger's dwarf clawed frog (Pipidae: Hymenochirus boettgeri) from the Congo indicates non-conspecificity with the captive population

Figure 1. Dwarf clawed frogs, Hymenochirus sp. (captive population) and H. boettgeri. A, Hymenochirus sp., female (IVB-H-Hsp06) and male (IVB-H-Hsp02) in amplexus. B, Hymenochirus sp., female in dorsolateral view (IVB-H-Hsp04). In (A) and (B), note the relatively smooth flanks and hindlegs with homogeneous, unenlarged tubercles. C, Hymenochirus boettgeri from the north-western part of the Republic of the Congo (male, IVB-H-CG17-356). D, holotype of H. boettgeri, female (ZMB 11521). The area marked by the red rectangle is detailed in (E). F, Hymenochirus boettgeri from the same locality as the karyotyped individual (IVB-H-CG17-112, male). In (C–F), note the enlarged and spiny tubercles on the flanks and hindlegs typical for H. boettgeri.

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Data from: The effect of conspecific density, herbivory, and bamboo on seedling dynamics of a dominant oak in a neotropical highland forest

Conspecific negative density-dependence (CNDD) is one of the main mechanisms influencing diversity maintenance in tropical forests. Tropical highland forests, in contrast to most lowland forests, are commonly dominated by a few tree species, and testing the importance of density dependence effects on seedling establishment of dominant trees may provide insights on the mechanisms regulating population dynamics and forest composition of tropical highlands. We tested the effect of CNDD regulation on seedling survival and recruitment of Quercus costaricensis, a monodominant oak in the Talamanca highland forests of Costa Rica. We used Ripley's K and generalized linear mixed models to test the effects of conspecific density, distance to the nearest adult, density of Chusquea bamboo shoots, and herbivory on the annual survival probability of 3579 seedlings between 2014 and 2017. We did not find a significant effect of CNDD on seedling survival. However, bamboo density and herbivory both significantly decreased oak seedling survival. All seedlings had signs of herbivory and predator satiation may explain the lack of density dependent regulation in seedlings of this species. We argue that the lack of intraspecific density regulation at the seedling stage may contribute to explain the dominance of Q. costaricensis in the highland forests of Costa Rica. Local seedling dynamics of this endemic oak are instead regulated by herbivory and the density of Chusquea.

FIGURE 2. Individuals from a in Molecular evidence for conspecificity of two desert Liolaemus lizards (Iguania: Liolaemidae)

FIGURE 2. Individuals from a) near Caspana (MUAP-114), near type locality for Liolaemus audituvelatus; b) Diego de Almagro, type locality of L. manueli; c) and d) Altos Quebrada Agua Colorada; e) and f) Barranquilla (near Caseron). f) is a gravid female. Note that b) male of L. audituvelatus from known distribution and d) male of L. manueli from type locality, are identical and were found 300 km away (in straight line); and, a) and e) are also similar and were found 600 km away (in straight line).

FIGURE 1 in Molecular evidence for conspecificity of two desert Liolaemus lizards (Iguania: Liolaemidae)

FIGURE 1. Distribution maps of Liolaemus audituvelatus and L. manueli based on historical and new records. Type localities of both species are indicated by stars. Historical records of both species gathered from Núñez et al. (1998, 2003, 2012) and GBIF (2016) also are indicated by black circles and squares. New localities of L. audituvelatus are indicated by red circles and red squares for L. manueli. Localities from which DNA samples were obtained for the analyses of this study are indicated with green triangles. The geographic references are in Appendix S2.

FIGURE 5 in Molecular evidence for conspecificity of two desert Liolaemus lizards (Iguania: Liolaemidae)

FIGURE 5. Results of the species delimitation analyses. On the left, the Bayesian consensus topology used for PTP and mPTP analyses is shown. On the right, boxes represent the species delimitations obtained with the three methods, in comparison with the current taxonomy (column nominal taxa).

FIGURE 4 in Molecular evidence for conspecificity of two desert Liolaemus lizards (Iguania: Liolaemidae)

FIGURE 4. Bayesian consensus tree showing the phylogenetic relationships among species of the montanus group and new populations related to L. audituvelatus and L. manueli. Posterior probability is indicated at each node.