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opennotspecifiedJun 2008View details →

FIGURE 3 in A monographic catalogue on the systematics and phylogeny of the South American iguanian lizard family Liolaemidae (Squamata, Iguania)

FIGURE 3. Phylogenetic relationships between the Liolaemus species of the Liolaemus subgenus or chiliensis group. The main structure of the tree is based on Schulte et al.'s (2000, 2004) and Espinoza et al.'s (2004) phylogenetic hypotheses. Additional details on phylogenetic relationships between species within each clade have been taken from specific phylogenetic studies (e.g. Avila et al. 2003, 2004).

opennotspecifiedJun 2008View details →

FIGURE 2 in A monographic catalogue on the systematics and phylogeny of the South American iguanian lizard family Liolaemidae (Squamata, Iguania)

FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic relationships between the major clades forming the family Liolaemidae. The phylogenetic structure of the tree is primarily based on Schulte et al. (2000, 2004), Espinoza et al. (2004) and Cruz et al. (2005). The line magellanicus is not shown in this figure (it is part of the Donosolaemus-Vilcunia clade), but see figure 4 for details on its phylogenetic position within the Liolaemus genus.

opencc-zeroSep 2022View details →

Lifetime reproductive output and life-history traits of lizards

Aim: Latitudinal gradients in life-history traits are apparent in many taxa and are expected to be strong for ectotherms that have temperature-driven constraints on performance and fitness. The strength of these gradients, however, should also be affected by diet. Because diet type (carnivory, omnivory, herbivory) influences accessibility to nutrition and assimilation efficiency, we aim to study how diet affects latitudinal gradients in lifetime reproductive output and the underlying life-history traits in ectotherms. Location: Global. Time period: Recent. Major taxa studied: Lizards (Reptilia, Squamata, Sauria). Methods: We used empirical (352 species) and phylogenetically imputed data (563 species) to analyse the interactive effects of latitude and diet on life-history traits (longevity, age at maturity, reproductive lifespan, hatchling mass, clutch/brood size, clutch/brood frequency, female mass) and lifetime reproductive output of lizards. Results: Lifetime reproductive output does not significantly differ in lizards across diet types, and only carnivores exhibit a small increase at higher latitudes. Diet type, however, influences latitudinal patterns of individual life-history traits. Carnivores exhibit a shift towards "slower-paced" life-histories at higher latitudes for most traits (increased longevity, age at maturity, reproductive lifespan, and decreased clutch frequency). By contrast, herbivores either display "faster-paced" life-histories (reduction in reproductive lifespan, hatchling mass, female mass) or no change (clutch frequency, clutch size, age at maturity) at higher latitudes. Omnivores exhibit intermediate and muted latitudinal patterns. Main conclusions: We suggest that the nutritional challenges of herbivory, compounded by thermal constraints at higher latitudes, may explain differences in life-history characteristics of herbivorous ectotherms. Intermediate patterns exhibited by omnivores highlight how flexibility in diet can buffer environmental challenges at higher latitudes. Our results indicate that lizards with different diet types display various trends in their life-histories across latitudes, which eventually balance out to result in similar reproductive outputs throughout their lifetime, with little benefits to carnivory.

opencc-zeroSep 2022View details →

Conservation genetics of an island-endemic lizard: low Ne and the critical role of intermediate temperatures for genetic connectivity

Island populations are at higher risk of extinction than mainland populations. Therefore, understanding the factors that facilitate connectivity is particularly pressing for the conservation of island taxa. Sceloporus occidentalis becki, the Island Fence Lizard, is an endemic taxon restricted to the Northern Channel Islands, part of a nearshore archipelago in Southern California, USA. Since the Last Glacial Maximum, fence lizard habitat on the Northern Channel Islands has decreased with rising sea levels and increasing temperatures that have reduced the availability of woody vegetation. More recently, the introduction (and subsequent removal) of invasive ungulates over the last 170 years and recovery of vegetation has resulted in further dramatic habitat modification. Given the potential for genetic bottlenecks, the history of habitat alteration, and topographic and landscape complexity, we used landscape and population genetic approaches to characterize patterns of genetic diversity and structure of Island Fence Lizards on Santa Cruz Island, the largest of the Northern Channel Islands. Our analyses revealed shallow population structure across the island, low effective population size (Ne = ~200), and evidence for a recent genetic bottleneck. Landscape genetic analyses showed that connectivity is facilitated by tree canopy cover and shrubland, as well as by intermediate temperatures, emphasizing the importance of woody vegetation and habitats with variable thermal regimes as the climate warms. Combined, these population and landscape genetic analyses suggest that the Island Fence Lizard is of greater conservation concern than currently appreciated, and increased conservation management focus is warranted for this island endemic.

opencc-zeroOct 2022View details →

Data from: What drives diversification? Range expansion tops climate, life history, habitat, and size in lizards and snakes

Aim: A major challenge in ecology and evolutionary biology is to explain the dramatic differences in species richness among clades. Much variation in richness is explained by differences in diversification rates among clades, and variation in diversification rates is often linked to various traits. But what types of traits are most important for explaining diversification? Here, we compared the impacts of different types of traits on diversification rates among lizard and snake families, and tested predictions about the relative importance of ecology vs. morphology, static vs. dynamic traits, and alpha vs. beta niche traits. Location: Global. Time period: Recent to ~200 million years ago. Major taxa studied: Squamata. Methods: We compared the relative impacts of traits related to biogeography (range size, range expansion), climate, life history (viviparity), microhabitat, and morphology (body-size) on diversification rates among all 72 family-level clades of squamates. We compiled data on traits, and tested for relationships between traits and diversification rates using phylogenetic multiple regression models. Results: The best-fitting model explained ~60% of the variation in diversification rates across squamate families. This model included only microhabitat (proportion of arboreal species) and a novel, dynamic, ecological/biogeographic beta-niche trait (rate of range expansion), which explained most variance. Other variables had more variable or non-significant contributions, including rates of climatic-niche change. Rates of range expansion were related to species richness, larger body size, and faster rates of climatic-niche change. Main conclusions: Overall, we provide possibly the most comprehensive comparison of the types of traits that can drive diversification. We also help explain diversity patterns in one of the largest vertebrate clades. We show that the rate of range expansion is the most important variable for explaining diversification rates and richness patterns in squamates. We also identify traits that help explain variation in rates of range expansion among clades.

Figure S2 in Living in a cold tropical mountain: do the microhabitat use and activity pattern change with elevation in the high-Andean lizard Stenocercus trachycephalus (Squamata: Tropiduridae)?

Figure S2. Environmental temperature fluctuation throughout the day at Las Moyas.

Figure S1 in Living in a cold tropical mountain: do the microhabitat use and activity pattern change with elevation in the high-Andean lizard Stenocercus trachycephalus (Squamata: Tropiduridae)?

Figure S1. Environmental temperature fluctuation throughout the day in La Chacua.

Figure 2 in Living in a cold tropical mountain: do the microhabitat use and activity pattern change with elevation in the high-Andean lizard Stenocercus trachycephalus (Squamata: Tropiduridae)?

Figure 2. Frequency of individuals of Stenocercus trachycephalus on each microhabitat by locality.

Figure S3 in Living in a cold tropical mountain: do the microhabitat use and activity pattern change with elevation in the high-Andean lizard Stenocercus trachycephalus (Squamata: Tropiduridae)?

Figure S3. Environmental temperature fluctuation throughout the day in Guanentá.

opencc-zeroOct 2022View details →

Habitat heterogeneity affects the thermal ecology of the federally endangered blunt-nosed leopard lizard 2019 data

Global climate change is already contributing to the extirpation of numerous species worldwide, and sensitive species will continue to face challenges associated with rising temperatures throughout this century and beyond. It is especially important to evaluate the thermal ecology of endangered ectotherm species now so that mitigation measures can be taken as early as possible. A recent study of the thermal ecology of the federally endangered Blunt-Nosed Leopard Lizard (Gambelia sila) suggested that they face major activity restrictions due to thermal constraints in their desert habitat, but that large shade-providing shrubs act as thermal buffers to allow them to maintain surface activity without overheating. We replicated this study and also included a population of G. sila with no access to large shrubs to facilitate comparison of the thermal ecology of G. sila in shrubless and shrubbed populations. We found that G. sila without access to shrubs spent more time sheltering inside rodent burrows than lizards with access to shrubs, especially during the hot summer months. Lizards from a shrubbed population had higher midday body temperatures and therefore poorer thermoregulatory accuracy than G. sila from a shrubless population, suggesting that greater surface activity may represent a thermoregulatory tradeoff for G. sila. Lizards at both sites are currently constrained from using open, sunny microhabitats for much of the day during their short active seasons, and our projections suggest that climate change will exacerbate these restrictions and force G. sila to use rodent burrows for shelter even more than they do now, especially at sites without access to shrubs. The continued management of shrubs and of burrowing rodents at G. sila sites is therefore essential to the survival of this endangered species.

FIGURE 6 in Resolution of the types, diagnostic features, and distribution of two easily confused Sand Lizards, Pedioplanis laticeps (Smith, 1845) and P. burchelli (Duméril & Bibron, 1839) (Squamata: Lacertidae)

FIGURE 6. Life pictures of the two newly collected individuals of P. laticeps from Aussenkehr/Namibia: (A) adult female ZMB 82782, (B) adult male ZMB 82783.

FIGURE 5. Holotype BMNH 1946.8.7.82 in Resolution of the types, diagnostic features, and distribution of two easily confused Sand Lizards, Pedioplanis laticeps (Smith, 1845) and P. burchelli (Duméril & Bibron, 1839) (Squamata: Lacertidae)

FIGURE 5. Holotype BMNH 1946.8.7.82 (previously 65.5.4.39) of Eremias burchelli Duméril & Bibron, 1839: (A) original drawing of the whole individual modified from Plate 45: 1 (Smith 1845); (B) dorsal view of the museum voucher; (C) ventral view; (D) dorsal head; (E) original drawing of the dorsal head modified from Plate 48: 4 (Smith 1845); (F) ventral head; (G) lateral head left; (H) original drawing of the lateral head modified from Plate 48: 4a (Smith 1845); (I) lateral head right. Scale units 1 mm.

FIGURE 4. Holotype BMNH 1946.8.7.56 in Resolution of the types, diagnostic features, and distribution of two easily confused Sand Lizards, Pedioplanis laticeps (Smith, 1845) and P. burchelli (Duméril & Bibron, 1839) (Squamata: Lacertidae)

FIGURE 4. Holotype BMNH 1946.8.7.56 (previously 65.5.4.55) of Eremias laticeps Smith, 1845: (A) original drawing of the whole individual modified from Plate 46: 1 (Smith 1845); (B) dorsal view of the museum voucher; (C) ventral view; (D) dorsal head; (E) original drawing of the dorsal head modified from Plate 48: 3 (Smith 1845); (F) ventral head; (G) lateral head left; (H) original drawing of the lateral head modified from Plate 48: 3a (Smith 1845); (I) lateral head right. Scale units 1 mm.

FIGURE 2 in Resolution of the types, diagnostic features, and distribution of two easily confused Sand Lizards, Pedioplanis laticeps (Smith, 1845) and P. burchelli (Duméril & Bibron, 1839) (Squamata: Lacertidae)

FIGURE 2. Distribution of P. laticeps compiled from the museum collections of the Museum for Naturkunde Berlin, (Germany), Naturhistorisches Museum Wien (Austria), Ditsong National Museum of Natural History Pretoria, Port Elizabeth Museum, IZIKO South African Museum Cape Town (all South Africa), Natural History Museum London (Great Britain) and the National Museum of Namibia in Windhoek (black dots) including the new record from near Aussenkehr (star). Points are underlain with the altitude level (downloaded from www.worldclim.org) ascending from light grey (sea level) to dark grey (6000 m). The Namibian localities are numbered from 1 through 6 (1: Farm Tafelkop; 2: Farm Louwshoop 330; 3: Klein Karas; 4: Ortmansbaum; 5: Farm Lützelhöhe; 6: Warmbad), the? represents the doubtful record from Angra Pequena/Lüderitz. White spots represent the centre of quarter-degree grids as published by Bates et al. (2014).

FIGURE 3. Holotype BMNH 1946.8.7.86 in Resolution of the types, diagnostic features, and distribution of two easily confused Sand Lizards, Pedioplanis laticeps (Smith, 1845) and P. burchelli (Duméril & Bibron, 1839) (Squamata: Lacertidae)

FIGURE 3. Holotype BMNH 1946.8.7.86 (previously IV.42.a) of Lacerta capensis Smith, 1838: (A) original drawing of the whole individual modified from Plate 45: 2 (Smith 1845); (B) dorsal view of the museum voucher; (C) ventral view; (D) dorsal head; (E) original drawing of the dorsal head modified from Plate 48: 7 (Smith 1845); (F) ventral head; (G) lateral head left; (H) original drawing of the lateral head modified from Plate 48: 7a (Smith 1845); (I) lateral head right. Scale units 1 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Resolution of the types, diagnostic features, and distribution of two easily confused Sand Lizards, Pedioplanis laticeps (Smith, 1845) and P. burchelli (Duméril & Bibron, 1839) (Squamata: Lacertidae)

FIGURE 1. Example of the counting method for enlarged scales arranged in rows (labials, collar, chin shields, ventral scales) using the upper and lower labials. All labials marked with a black dot were counted while the ones marked with X were not. This means that 9 upper labials and 6 lower labials were counted on this specimen.

FIGURE 2. Oswaldocruzia lisnykiensis. A in Two new species of Oswaldocruzia (Nematoda, Molineidae) parasitising lizards in Ukraine

FIGURE 2. Oswaldocruzia lisnykiensis. A—anterior part of body, male, lateral view; B—(scale bar—50 µm) anterior end, female, apical view; C–E—transverse sections: C—female, mid-oesophagus level, D—male, oesophageal-intestinal junction level, E—male, mid-body level; F—left spicule, lateral view; G—caudal bursa, ventral view; H—part of female genital system near vulva, lateral view; I—posterior part of body, female, lateral view.

FIGURE 5. Oswaldocruzia lacertica. A in Two new species of Oswaldocruzia (Nematoda, Molineidae) parasitising lizards in Ukraine

FIGURE 5. Oswaldocruzia lacertica. A—male, general view; B—(scale bar—50 µm) anterior end, female, optical section at oesophageal tooth level; C—male, transverse section at mid-oesophagus level; D—male, transverse section at oesophagealintestinal junction level; E—left spicule, lateral view; F—caudal bursa, lateral view, optical section at genital cone level; Gcaudal bursa, lateral view, optical section showing arrangement of rays.

FIGURE 1 in Two new species of Oswaldocruzia (Nematoda, Molineidae) parasitising lizards in Ukraine

FIGURE 1. Type localities and distribution of O. lisnykiensis sp. n. and O. lacertica sp. n. in Ukraine.

FIGURE 3. Oswaldocruzia lisnykiensis. A in Two new species of Oswaldocruzia (Nematoda, Molineidae) parasitising lizards in Ukraine

FIGURE 3. Oswaldocruzia lisnykiensis. A—holotype, male, general view; B—fragment of synlophe at mid-body level, female, lateral view (arrows point to irregularly interrupted ridges); C—anterior end, female, optical section at oesophageal tooth level; D—male, transverse section at anterior third of oesophagus level; E—male, transverse section at mid-oesophagus level; F—caudal bursa, ventral view.