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401 results for “sac spider”
Differential parasitism of native and invasive widow spider egg sacs
<p>During colonization, invasive species establish and spread to new locations, where they may have an advantage over native species. One such advantage may be avoidance of predators or parasites by means of better defences or due to lower suitability as a host. We conducted field surveys and lab behavioural experiments to investigate the differential susceptibility of two widow spider species—one native to Israel, the white widow spider <em>Latrodectus pallidus</em>,<em> </em>and one invasive species, the brown widow spider, <em>Latrodectus geometricus</em>—to an egg sac parasitoid wasp, <em>Philolema latrodecti</em>. In collections of egg sacs from six paired sites of <em>L. geometricus </em>and <em>L. pallidus</em> populations in the Negev Desert, Israel, we found higher parasitism rates on the egg sacs of the native <em>L. pallidus</em>. In no-choice trials, we found that wasps were more likely to parasitize and oviposited longer on <em>L. pallidus</em> egg sacs than on <em>L. geometricus </em>egg sacs. In two-choice tests with spider webs and egg sacs, parasitoids made first contact with <em>L. pallidus </em>webs more often and faster. After developing inside of <em>L. pallidus </em>egg sacs, more parasitoids emerged and were larger than those emerging from <em>L. geometricus</em> egg sacs. Potentially better defence of the <em>L. geometricus</em> egg sacs as well as the parasitoid's fitness advantages gained from parasitizing <em>L. pallidus</em> egg sacs may explain the higher parasitism rate in the native species. Our results suggest that the invasion and establishment success of <em>L. geometricus</em> is due, in part, to its ability to escape parasitism.</p>
FIGURE 7 in Grismadox elsneri sp. nov.-a new species of ant-resembling sac spider from the Bolivian orocline, with indirect evidence of species-specific mimicry (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae)
FIGURE 7. Live habitus of Grismadox elsneri sp. nov. and its putative ant models: A, female paratype (CBF); B, male holotype (IBSI-Ara 1710); C, Camponotus cf. crassus Mayr, 1862; D, C. cf. blandus (F. Smith, 1858).
FIGURE 5 in Grismadox elsneri sp. nov.-a new species of ant-resembling sac spider from the Bolivian orocline, with indirect evidence of species-specific mimicry (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae)
FIGURE 5. Grismadox elsneri sp. nov., female genitalia: A, epigyne paratype (IBSI-Ara 1711), ventral; B, idem, dorsal (vulva); C, detail of CO, ventral; D, detail of ST, dorsal; E, detail of FD, dorsal (CO = copulatory opening; ST I = primary spermatheca; ST II = secondary spermathecae; FD = fertilization duct).
FIGURE 6 in Grismadox elsneri sp. nov.-a new species of ant-resembling sac spider from the Bolivian orocline, with indirect evidence of species-specific mimicry (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae)
FIGURE 6. Grismadox elsneri sp. nov.: A, habitat, savanna grassland at the edge of Chiquitano forest; B, female paratype (CBF), life habitus in habitat, on a dry grass leaf.
FIGURE 3 in Grismadox elsneri sp. nov.-a new species of ant-resembling sac spider from the Bolivian orocline, with indirect evidence of species-specific mimicry (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae)
FIGURE 3. Grismadox elsneri sp. nov., palp, male holotype (IBSI-Ara 1710): A, ventral view; B, retrolateral view; C, bulb, ventral view; D, detail of embolus, ventral view (dRTA = dorso-retrolateral tibial apophysis; vRTA = ventro-retrolateral tibial apophysis).
FIGURE 4 in Grismadox elsneri sp. nov.-a new species of ant-resembling sac spider from the Bolivian orocline, with indirect evidence of species-specific mimicry (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae)
FIGURE 4. Grismadox elsneri sp. nov., paratype female (IBSI-Ara 1711): A, dorsal; B, ventral; C, lateral. Please note that most setae are broken off due to storage in ethanol. Scale bars 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 2 in Grismadox elsneri sp. nov.-a new species of ant-resembling sac spider from the Bolivian orocline, with indirect evidence of species-specific mimicry (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae)
FIGURE 2. Grismadox elsneri sp. nov., holotype male (IBSI-Ara 1710): A, dorsal; B, ventral; C, lateral. Please note that most setae are broken off due to storage in ethanol. Scale bars 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 1 in Grismadox elsneri sp. nov.-a new species of ant-resembling sac spider from the Bolivian orocline, with indirect evidence of species-specific mimicry (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae)
FIGURE 1. Ecoregion distribution of Grismadox elsneri sp. nov., according to the regionalization by Navarro & Ferreira (2007); A, Bolivia; B, Sub-Andean area at the Bolivian orocline; 1, Santa Cruz de la Colina, Urubo, Santa Cruz department; map produced with QGIS (version 2.14.3, http:// www.qgis.org/en/site).
FIGURE 70 in Jocquestus, a new genus of trachelid sac spiders from the Afrotropical Region (Arachnida: Araneae)
FIGURE 70. Distribution of the genus Jocquestus gen. nov. in the Afrotropical Region: J. capensis sp. nov. (black circles), J. griswoldi sp. nov. male (yellow circle), J. harrisi sp. nov. (black square), J. incurvus sp. nov. (yellow squares), J. obliquus sp. nov. (black star), J. roeweri (Lawrence, 1938) comb. nov. (yellow stars) and J. schenkeli (Lessert, 1923) comb. nov. (black triangles).
FIGURES 65–69 in Jocquestus, a new genus of trachelid sac spiders from the Afrotropical Region (Arachnida: Araneae)
FIGURES 65–69. Jocquestus schenkeli (Lessert, 1923) comb. nov. male (65–67) and female (68, 69): 65. Schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II; 66. Left palp, ventral view; 67. Same, retrolateral view; 68. Epigyne, ventral view; 69. Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.
FIGURES 56–60 in Jocquestus, a new genus of trachelid sac spiders from the Afrotropical Region (Arachnida: Araneae)
FIGURES 56–60. Jocquestus obliquus sp. nov. male (56–58) and female (59, 60): 56. Schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II; 57. Left palp, ventral view; 58. Same, retrolateral view; 59. Epigyne, ventral view; 60. Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.
FIGURES 61–64 in Jocquestus, a new genus of trachelid sac spiders from the Afrotropical Region (Arachnida: Araneae)
FIGURES 61–64. Jocquestus roeweri (Lawrence, 1938) comb. nov. male (61–63) and female (64): 61. Schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II; 62. Left palp, ventral view; 63. Same, retrolateral view; 64. Epigyne, ventral view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.
FIGURES 47–51 in Jocquestus, a new genus of trachelid sac spiders from the Afrotropical Region (Arachnida: Araneae)
FIGURES 47–51. Jocquestus griswoldi sp. nov. male (47–49) and J. harrisi sp. nov. female (50, 51): 47. Schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II; 48. Left palp, ventral view; 49. Same, retrolateral view; 50. Epigyne, ventral view; 51. Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.
FIGURES 52–55 in Jocquestus, a new genus of trachelid sac spiders from the Afrotropical Region (Arachnida: Araneae)
FIGURES 52–55. Jocquestus incurvus sp. nov. male (52–54) and female (55): 52. Schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II; 53. Left palp, ventral view; 54. Same, retrolateral view; 55. Epigyne, ventral view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.
FIGURES 41–46 in Jocquestus, a new genus of trachelid sac spiders from the Afrotropical Region (Arachnida: Araneae)
FIGURES 41–46. Jocquestus capensis sp. nov. male (41–43) male and female (44–46): 41. Schematic representation of cusp arrangement on legs I and II; 42. Left palp, ventral view; 43. Same, retrolateral view; 44. Epigyne, ventral view; 45. Variation of epigyne, ventral view; 46. Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.
FIGURES 37–40 in Jocquestus, a new genus of trachelid sac spiders from the Afrotropical Region (Arachnida: Araneae)
FIGURES 37–40. Scanning electron micrographs of Jocquestus schenkeli (Lessert, 1923) comb. nov. male (37–39) and female (40): 37. Right palp, retrolateral view, rectangle surrounding lyriform organ at distal end of patella at base of patellar apophysis; 38. Enlargement of lyriform organ; 39. Left palp, ventral view; 40. Epigyne, ventral view.
FIGURES 21–32 in Jocquestus, a new genus of trachelid sac spiders from the Afrotropical Region (Arachnida: Araneae)
FIGURES 21–32. Scanning electron micrographs of Jocquestus schenkeli (Lessert, 1923) comb. nov. male (21, 24, 28–32) and female (22, 23, 25–27): 21. Carapace, dorsal view; 22. Same, lateral view; 23. Eyes, anterior view; 24. Same, posterior view; 25. Distal end of chelicera, indicating cheliceral escort seta (CES) in front of fang; 26. Serrula; 27. Detail of serrula teeth; 28. Patella III, patellar indentation (PI); 29. Same, detail of lyriform organ at proximal end of PI; 30. Tibia I cusp; 31. Metatarsus I cusps; 32. Tarsus I cusp.
FIGURES 9–20 in Jocquestus, a new genus of trachelid sac spiders from the Afrotropical Region (Arachnida: Araneae)
FIGURES 9–20. Digital microscope photographs of the dorsal habitus of Jocquestus gen. nov. species. 9. J. capensis sp. nov., male; 10. Same, female; 11. J. griswoldi sp. nov., male; 12. J. harrisi sp. nov., female; 13. J. incurvus sp. nov., male; 14. Same, female; 15. J. obliquus sp. nov., male; 16. Same, female; 17. J. roeweri (Lawrence, 1938) comb. nov., male; 18. Same, female; 19. J. schenkeli (Lessert, 1923) comb. nov., male; 20. Same, female.
FIGURES 33–36 in Jocquestus, a new genus of trachelid sac spiders from the Afrotropical Region (Arachnida: Araneae)
FIGURES 33–36. Scanning electron micrographs of Jocquestus schenkeli (Lessert, 1923) comb. nov. male tarsus IV (33, 34) and female tarsus I (35, 36): 33. Distal end of tarsus, including claw tufts and modified setae; 34. Detail of chemosensory seta; 35. Trichobothrium base; 36. Tarsal organ. Abbreviations: CS—chemosensory seta; FS—feathery seta; PsTe—pseudotenent seta; Te—tenent seta; TR—trichobothrium.
FIGURES 1–8 in Jocquestus, a new genus of trachelid sac spiders from the Afrotropical Region (Arachnida: Araneae)
FIGURES 1–8. Digital microscope photographs of somatic morphology of Jocquestus schenkeli (Lessert, 1923) comb. nov. male (1, 3, 5, 7) and female (2, 4, 6, 8). 1, 2. Habitus, dorsal view; 3, 4. Same, lateral view; 5, 6. Same, ventral view; 7, 8. Leg I, prolateral view. Scale bars = 1.0 mm.
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