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Figure 4 in Reproductive isolation and the causes of speciation rate variation in nature
Figure 4. Some possible relationships between the rate at which lineages evolve reproductive isolation and their rate of speciation. A, direct correspondence, where the evolution of reproductive evolution shows a one-to-one relationship with the macroevolutionary rate of speciation. In this scenario, the evolution of reproductive isolation is the exclusive determinant of macroevolutionary speciation dynamics. B, offset/dampened relationship, where the rate of evolution of reproductive isolation is the dominant control on speciation rates, although speciation rates are lower than predicted by the rate of evolution of reproductive isolation alone. This relationship implies that many populations evolving reproductive isolation fail to persist through deep time. C, decoupled, such that reproductive isolation shows no predictive relationship with macroevolutionary speciation rates. This scenario suggests that reproductive isolation is not the rate-limiting control on the rate of speciation. Adapted from Rabosky (2013).
Figure 3 in Reproductive isolation and the causes of speciation rate variation in nature
Figure 3. Pairwise postzygotic isolation from interspecific crosses of birds as a function of the pairwise genetic distance between them. Results are shown for two major clades (pheasants, Phasianidae; parrots, Psittacidae). For a given level of genetic divergence, pheasants show greater levels of postzygotic isolation than the parrots, indicating that this sort of reproductive isolation accumulates more quickly in pheasants than in parrots. If intrinsic postzygotic isolation (hybrid inviability and sterility) is the dominant control on speciation rates, pheasants should have faster rates of speciation than parrots. Note that relationships are bounded at 0 (all hybrid offspring fully viable and fertile) and 1 (no offspring produced, or all offspring sterile). Lines show fitted linear relationships between reproductive isolation and genetic distance for each clade. Data are from Price & Bouvier (2002) and Gray (1958); analyses are from Rabosky and Matute (2013). For this pair of clades, speciation rates are faster in the clade with faster rates of evolution of reproductive isolation (pheasants: speciation = 0.26 lineages Myr–1; parrots: speciation = 0.22 lineages Myr–1). However, across all birds, these quantities appear to be unrelated.
Figure 1. A in Reproductive isolation and the causes of speciation rate variation in nature
Figure 1. A, per-lineage rates of speciation across a time-calibrated phylogenetic tree of 6670 species of extant birds (67% of the total diversity) as inferred using a statistical model that simultaneously estimates the magnitude of rate variation through time and across lineages. Colours correspond to the instantaneous rate of speciation at each point in the tree. The fastest 5% of rates exceed 0.4 species Myr –1 (dark red). Analysis of evolutionary rates explicitly accounts for extinction, although only speciation rates are shown. B, estimated present-day speciation rates for all 6670 species; these are simply the best estimate of the instantaneous rate of speciation for each tip in the phylogeny. Inset images depict representative birds with fast (western gull, Larus occidentalis) and slow (go-away-bird, Corythaixoides leucogaster) rates of speciation. The phylogenetic dataset is from Jetz et al. (2012) and speciation rate analysis is described in Rabosky & Matute (2013).
Figure 2 in Reproductive isolating barriers between colour-differentiated populations of an African annual killifish, Nothobranchius korthausae (Cyprinodontiformes)
Figure 2. The number of eggs, fertilization rate and hatching success of pairings between sympatric and allopatric populations during the no-choice experiment. Means with SE (boxes) and confidence intervals (whiskers) for data on virgin and nonvirgin fish are indicated.
Figure 1 in Reproductive isolating barriers between colour-differentiated populations of an African annual killifish, Nothobranchius korthausae (Cyprinodontiformes)
Figure 1. The rates of male courtship towards females and female response (per 30 min) expressed for each male ¥ female combination and virgin and nonvirgin fish separately. Means with 1SE are indicated.
Figure 3 in Reproductive isolating barriers between colour-differentiated populations of an African annual killifish, Nothobranchius korthausae (Cyprinodontiformes)
Figure 3. The results of the hybrid performance experiment, with number of eggs (A) and hatching success (B) standardized within each experimental group shown. Means with 1SE (boxes) and confidence intervals (whiskers) are indicated for each experimental combination (mm, offspring of Mafia male and Mafia female; kk, offspring of Kwachepa male and Kwachepa female; mk: Mafia male, Kwachepa female; km: Kwachepa male, Mafia female). Sample size for the number of eggs is N = 8 replicates for each combination, sample size for hatching success is smaller (because only replicates with more than 5 eggs were analysed) and the exact N is given above each combination.
A test of the predator naiveté hypothesis using desert pupfishes: History of isolation does not matter
<p>Many desert fishes, which evolved in isolated aquatic "islands" with limited predation pressure, have been severely impacted by non-native predators. These impacts have been attributed to the evolutionary loss of antipredator competence, known as the predator naiveté hypothesis. Recent work provided support for this hypothesis for one desert fish species. We sought to examine the generality of predator naiveté hypothesis by evaluating antipredator competence in five populations of Red River pupfish (<em>Cyprinodon rubrofluviatilis</em>), a species that occupies habitats that vary in the degree of isolation and levels of fish species richness. Fish were exposed to conspecific chemical alarm cues released from damaged epidermal tissue as a general assay of antipredator response. We found that pupfish from all five populations exhibited antipredator behavior in response to alarm cues, regardless of isolation duration or exposure to predation risk. These data demonstrate that antipredator responses to alarm cues are conserved in pupfishes even after prolonged periods of isolation from piscivorous species.</p>
Figure 3 in Genetic homogeneity in a Pontocaspian crested newt species (Triturus karelinii) suggests recent isolation of its three allopatric range sections
Figure 3. DISTRUCT plots showing allocation of Triturus karelinii individuals to gene pools (k) based on the different Bayesian clustering programs (noted on the left with the preferred k value). See the main text for details. Population numbers (noted at the top) correspond to fig. 1 and table 1.
Figure 5 in Genetic homogeneity in a Pontocaspian crested newt species (Triturus karelinii) suggests recent isolation of its three allopatric range sections
Figure 5. Species distribution model for Triturus karelinii projected on climate layers for the present, the mid-Holocene (mid-Holo, ∼6 Ka), the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ∼22 Ka) and the Last Interglacial (∼130 Ka). For the mid-Holocene and the Last Glacial Maximum projections on data layers based on the CCSM4 (CCSM) and MIROC-ESM (MIROC) model are shown. Warmer colours reflect a higher predicted suitability.
Figure 2 in Genetic homogeneity in a Pontocaspian crested newt species (Triturus karelinii) suggests recent isolation of its three allopatric range sections
Figure 2. Phylogeny (left) and haplotype network for Triturus karelinii mtDNA. Haplotype codes (the prefix 'TkarA' has been excluded in the haplotype network) correspond to supplementary table S1. Colours reflect the three regions where haplotypes originate from. Values at nodes are posterior probability values (<0.5 not shown). The outgroup is not shown.
Figure 1 in Genetic homogeneity in a Pontocaspian crested newt species (Triturus karelinii) suggests recent isolation of its three allopatric range sections
Figure 1. Sampling scheme for Triturus karelinii. Numbered localities were sequenced for nuclear DNA and correspond to table 1. The black squares reflect additional localities for which mtDNA has been sequenced and the white stars reflect localities that were on top of that used to create the species distribution model. Grey background shading reflects elevation with darker colours reflecting higher elevation.
Figure 4 in Genetic homogeneity in a Pontocaspian crested newt species (Triturus karelinii) suggests recent isolation of its three allopatric range sections
Figure 4. Results of a principal component analysis of nuclear genetic data for Triturus karelinii. Population numbers correspond to fig. 1 and table 1.
Flexible But Disconnected: Airbnb Hosts' Work-Family Experience and Social Isolation
<p>This research explores relationships among Airbnb hosts’ experience of social isolation/loneliness, social support, work-family conflict in relation to wellbeing, life satisfaction, and intent to stay with Airbnb. We tested a structural model using data from 136 Airbnb hosts and found that greater levels of social isolation were associated with higher work-family conflict, lower mental wellbeing, and lower life satisfaction. We also found the social support was negatively related to social isolation. Our findings suggest the double-bind of gig work: while hosting on Airbnb provides flexible work and additional income, it may come at the cost of social isolation. This has implications for gig workers and the organizations who contract with them. The absence of social connection and the competitive nature of the gig economy may result in feelings of alienation unless measures are taken to prioritize the humanity of workers.</p>
Open data for "3D integration enables ultra-low-noise isolator-free lasers in Si photonics"
<p>Open data for "3D integration enables ultra-low-noise isolator-free lasers in Si photonics"</p>
Dataset from: Isolation and Phase-Space Energization Analysis of the Instabilities in Collisionless Shocks
<p>We analyze the generation of kinetic instabilities and their effect on the energiza-<br> tion of ions in non-relativistic, oblique collisionless shocks using a 3D-3V simulation<br> by dHybridR, a hybrid particle-in-cell code. At sufficiently high Mach number, quasi-<br> perpendicular and oblique shocks can experience rippling of the shock surface caused by<br> kinetic instabilities arising from free energy in the ion velocity distribution due to the<br> combination of the incoming ion beam and the population of ions reflected at the shock<br> front. To understand the role of the ripple on particle energization, we devise the new<br> instability isolation method to identify the unstable modes underlying the ripple and<br> interpret the results in terms of the governing kinetic instability. We generate velocity-<br> space signatures using the field-particle correlation technique to look at energy transfer in<br> phase space from the isolated instability driving the shock ripple, providing a viewpoint<br> on the different dynamics of distinct populations of ions in phase space. We generate<br> velocity-space signatures of the energy transfer in phase space of the isolated instability<br> driving the shock ripple using the field-particle correlation technique. Together, the<br> field-particle correlation technique and our new instability isolation method provide a<br> unique viewpoint on the different dynamics of distinct populations of ions in phase space<br> and allow us to completely characterize the energetics of the collisionless shock under<br> investigation.</p>
Bold Park reptile species capture data for: Decadal abundance patterns in an isolated urban reptile assemblage: Monitoring under a changing climate
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Fenced pitfall trapping in four sampling sites <span>representing different habitats and fire history</span> over the primary reptile activity period for 35 consecutive years with over 17000 individuals captured during 3300 days of sampling; the trapping regime was modified for the last 28 years.</span></p>
An evaluation of isolation by distance (IBD) and isolation by resistance (IBR) on genetic structure of the Persian squirrel (Sciurus anomalus) in the Zagros forests of Iran
<p>For conservation of wild species, it is important to understand how landscape change and land management can affect gene flow and movement. Landscape genetic analyses provide a powerful approach to infer effects of various landscape factors on gene flow, thereby informing conservation actions. The Persian squirrel is a keystone species in the woodlands and oak forests of Western Asia, where it has experienced recent habitat loss and fragmentation. We conducted landscape genetic analyses of individuals sampled in the northern Zagros Mountains of Iran (provinces of Kurdistan, Kermanshah, and Ilam), focusing on evaluation of isolation by distance (IBD) and isolation by resistance (IBR), using 16 microsatellite markers. The roles of geographical distance and landscape features including roads, rivers, developed areas, farming and agriculture, forests, lakes, plantation forests, rangelands, shrublands and rocky areas of varying canopy cover, and swamp margins on genetic structure were quantified using individual-based approaches and resistance surface modelling. We found a significant pattern of IBD but only weak support for an effect of forest cover on genetic structure and gene flow. It seems that geographical distance is an important factor limiting the dispersal of the Persian squirrel in this region. The results of the current study inform ongoing conservation programs for the Persian squirrel in the Zagros oak forest.</p>
Robotic extrahepatic Glissonean pedicle isolation focusing on Laennec's capsule for anatomic liver resection: short-term surgical outcomes
<p>We will submit an article for publication in the <em>Journal of Personalized Medicine, </em>titled <strong>“</strong><strong>Robotic extrahepatic Glissonean pedicle isolation focusing on Laennec's capsule for anatomic liver resection: short-term surgical outcomes</strong><strong>” </strong></p> <p>This article describes the utility of the Glissonean pedicle isolation as an Inflow control in anatomic liver resection. We examined Laennec's capsule surrounding the Glissonean pedicle. Furthermore, we found that the use of a recently developed surgical robotic system may reduce the difficulty and improve the safety of the procedure. These files are video clips of Glissonan pedicle isolation in laparoscopic and robotic surgery.</p> <p><strong>Supplementary file 1.</strong> Laparoscopic extrahepatic left Glissonean pedicle isolation in cadaveric models.</p> <p><strong>Supplementary file 2.</strong> Laparoscopic extrahepatic right anterior and posterior Glissonean pedicle isolation. </p> <p><strong>Supplementary file 3.</strong> Laparoscopic extrahepatic Glissonean pedicle 8 isolation.</p> <p><strong>Supplementary file 4.</strong> Robotic extrahepatic right posterior Glissonean pedicle isolation.</p> <p><strong>Supplementary file 5.</strong> Robotic extrahepatic Glissonean pedicle 4a, 4b, and 4c isolation.</p>
Detection of Erythromycin Resistant Genes in Group B Streptococcus strains isolated in Georgia
<p>figure 1 - <strong>Antibiotic Susceptibility Test Results </strong><a href="#_msocom_1">[ac1]</a> </p> <p> <a href="#_msoanchor_1">[ac1]</a>Results of Antibiotic Susceptibility Tests</p> <p><strong>figure 2 - </strong></p> <p><strong>Positive PCR results</strong><a href="#_msocom_1">[ac1]</a> </p> <p> <a href="#_msoanchor_1">[ac1]</a>Positive results for presence of the genes in resistant strains</p> <p> </p>
Evaluation of technological potential of lactic acid bacteria isolated from non-ready-to-eat alheira sausages produced in Northern Portugal
<p>Recording of the talk “Evaluation of technological potential of lactic acid bacteria isolated from non-ready-to-eat alheira sausages produced in Northern Portugal”, presented by Ana Sofia Faria at the Artisanal Foods and Bioactive Molecules Seminar. Médenine, Tunisia (19-21 December 2021)</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.