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1,670 results for “FORCE”
Figure 12 in Feeding behaviour and bite force of sabretoothed predators
Figure 12. Summary diagram of dirk-toothed ecomorphs. Zx/L-values at the canine are generally higher than those behind the carnassial, while Zy/L-values at the canine are higher than at P3P4 but lower than at the carnassial. The Zx/Zycanine values are much higher than those of extant felids and generally higher than those of scimitar-toothed ecomorphs. These results indicate that dirk-toothed ecomorphs delivered powerful sabre bites on well-restrained prey.
Figure 2 in Feeding behaviour and bite force of sabretoothed predators
Figure 2. Cross-section of a hypothetical mandible demonstrating dimensions measured and orientation of crosssectional properties evaluated.
Figure 5. A in Feeding behaviour and bite force of sabretoothed predators
Figure 5. A, mandibular force profiles of machaeroidines. Values are presented for the canine, P3P4, and M1M2 interdental gaps. Zx/L-values at the canine are higher than those at M 1M2, suggesting a powerful canine killing bite. B, comparison of bending strengths (section moduli Zx and Zy) in Machaeroides eothen and M. simpsoni. The missing segments of M. eothen (USNM 361372) and M. simpsoni are reconstructed on the basis of M. eothen (USNM 17059). The symphyseal region of all specimens is much stronger than the ramus. The Zx/Zycanine values of machaeroidines are similar to those of felids with special killing techniques.
Figure 3 in Feeding behaviour and bite force of sabretoothed predators
Figure 3. Measurements taken on sabretooth mandibles. Mandibular depth, width, and distance from the articulation were measured at the following interdental gaps: canine and P3P4 through post-M1 in all taxa, and additional measurements were made at P2P3 and M2M3 through post- M4 in Thylacosmilus. Measurements were made perpendicular to the central axis of the mandible. In this research, the term 'ramus' refers to the portion of the hemimandible posterior to the symphysis.
Figure 13. A in Feeding behaviour and bite force of sabretoothed predators
Figure 13. A, summary diagram of scimitar-toothed ecomorphs. Zx/L and Zy/L-values at the canine are higher than at P3P4 but lower than at the carnassial. The Zx/Zycanine values are much higher than those of extant felids but generally lower than those of dirk-toothed ecomorphs. These results indicate that scimitar-toothed ecomorphs delivered shallow bites while pursuing prey and delivered sabre bites once prey had fallen and had been restrained. B, comparison of Neofelis nebulosa with 'intermediate' sabretooths Nimravus brachyops, Machaeroides eothen and Apataelurus kayi. Despite differences in dorsoventral and labiolingual force profiles, these taxa are characterized by Zx/Zycanine values lower than full-fledged sabretooths but similar to those of extant felids with specialized killing techniques. These results indicate that the 'intermediate' sabretooths delivered sabre bites on restrained prey, but one that was not as well restrained as in full-fledged sabretooths.
Figure 1 in Feeding behaviour and bite force of sabretoothed predators
Figure 1. Phylogeny and temporal range of sabretooth genera studied. Ischyrosmilus gracilis (sensu Churcher, 1984) is included in the Smilodon lineage (probably equivalent to S. gracilis). Although this taxon was not studied, Megantereon is presented to complete the Smilodontini tribe. Based on Goin & Pascual (1987), Bryant (1996b), Turner & Antón (1997), Gunnell (1998), Peigné (2003), and Morlo et al. (2004).
Figure 11 in Feeding behaviour and bite force of sabretoothed predators
Figure 11. Mandibular force profiles of thylacosmilines. Values are presented for the canine, P3P4, M1M2, and post-M4 interdental gaps. Zx/L-values at the canine are higher than those at post-M4, suggesting a powerful canine killing bite. No increase in dorsoventral buttressing occurs in the vicinity of the cheek teeth, indicating that the mandibular ramus is adapted for slicing meat exclusively. The Zx/Zycanine values are much higher than those of extant felids, suggesting that prey was restrained prior to the sabre bite. The higher Zx/Zycanine values of the juvenile relative to the adult are reminiscent of the situation observed in juvenile Panthera leo. Consequently, it is possible that young thylacosmilines underwent an extended period of parental care.
Figure 8 in Feeding behaviour and bite force of sabretoothed predators
Figure 8. Mandibular force profiles of barbourofelids. Values are presented for the canine, P3P4, and post-M1 interdental gaps. Zx/L-values at the canine are subequal or only slightly higher than those at post-M 1, due to the labial rotation of the ramus. No increase in dorsoventral buttressing occurs in the vicinity of the cheek teeth, indicating that the mandibular ramus is adapted for slicing meat exclusively. The Zx/Zycanine values are much higher than those of extant felids, suggesting that prey was restrained prior to the sabre bite.
Market forces determine the distribution of a leaky function in a simple microbial community
<p>Many biological functions are leaky, and organisms that perform them contribute some of their products to a community "marketplace" where non-performing individuals may compete for them. Leaky functions are partitioned unequally in microbial communities, and the evolutionary forces determining which species perform them and which become beneficiaries are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that the market principle of comparative advantage determines the distribution of a leaky antibiotic resistance gene in an environment occupied by two "species" - strains of Escherichia coli growing on mutually exclusive resources and thus occupying separate niches. Communities comprised of antibiotic-resistant cells were rapidly invaded by sensitive cells of both types. While the two phenotypes coexisted stably for 500 generations, in 15/18 replicates, antibiotic sensitivity became fixed in one species. Fixation always occurred in the same species, despite both species being genetically identical except for their niche-defining mutation. In the absence of antibiotic, the fitness cost of resistance was identical in both species. However, the intrinsic resistance of the species that ultimately became the sole helper was significantly lower, and thus its reward for expressing the resistance gene was higher. Opportunity cost of resistance, not absolute cost or efficiency of antibiotic removal, determined which species became helper, consistent with the economic theory of comparative advantage. We present a model that suggests that this market-like dynamic is a general property of Black Queen systems, and in communities dependent on multiple leaky functions, could lead to the spontaneous development of an equitable and efficient division of labor.</p>
Comparison of radiative transfer schemes for the calculation of aerosol radiative forcing in Mars' atmosphere
<p>Output datasets for Figures (fig. 1 to 10) for the intercomparison of radiative transfer algorithms for the calculation of aerosol radiative forcing in the Martian atmosphere.</p>
Multiscale Temporal Response of Salt Intrusion to Transient River and Ocean Forcing
<p>Model and validation data presented in Payo Payo et al, Multiscale Temporal Response of Salt Intrusion to Transient River and Ocean Forcing (JGR-Oceans, 2021, submitted).</p> <p>We used a 3-dimensional unstructured hydrodynamic model 3-dimensional unstructured hydrodynamic model (FVCOM Finite Volume Community Ocean Model)understand river and tide forcing to disentangle the multiscale temporal pattern of salt intrusion in estuaries subject to transient forcing due to river and tide. We implemented the Pearl River Delta as a case study for 2007/2008.</p> <p>The dataset consists of:</p> <p>·Measured and modelled salinity and elevation data at the validation stations.</p> <p>·River discharge data</p> <p>·SSH data</p> <p>·Salt intrusion length</p>
Data for paper publication 'Important role of stratospheric injection height for the distribution and radiative forcing of smoke aerosol from the 2019/2020 Australian wildfires'
<p>This repository contains version 2.0 data from the aerosol-climate simulations performed with the ECHAM6.3-HAM2.3 model and aerosol lidar profiles, as presented in the paper publication by Heinold et al.: Important role of stratospheric injection height for the distribution and radiative forcing of smoke aerosol from the 2019/2020 Australian wildfires, submitted to Atmos. Chem. Phys. For details, please refer to the enclosed data description (README) file.</p>
Model data used for the paper: "Heat extremes driven by amplification of phase-locked circumglobal waves forced by topography in an idealized atmospheric model"
<p>Atmospheric model output to reproduce the results of the study: "<strong>Heat Extremes Driven by Amplification of Phase-Locked Circumglobal Waves Forced by Topography in an Idealized Atmospheric Model" </strong>published in Geophysical Research letters.<br> <br> Authors: B. Jiménez-Esteve. K. Kornhuber and D. I.V. Domeisen <br> <br> DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL096337">https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL096337</a><br> <br> For more information about the model setup and the design of the experiments please refer to the above publication.</p>
Band Excitation Piezoresponse Force Microscopy of PbZr<sub>0.2</sub>Ti<sub>0.8</sub>O<sub>3</sub>
<p>Film grown and measurements conducted by Joshua C. Agar at Oak Ridge National Laboratory</p> <p> </p> <p>This dataset has been the subject of 4 manuscripts:</p> <p> </p> <p>1. Agar, J., Damodaran, A. R., Pandya, S., C, Cao, Y., Vasudevan, R. K., Xu, R., Saremi, S., Li, Q., Kim, J., McCarter, M. R., Dedon, L. R., Angsten, T., Balke, N., Jesse, S., Asta, M., Kalinin, S. V. & Martin, L. W. Three-State Ferroelastic Switching and Large Electromechanical Responses in PbTiO<sub>3 Thin Films. Adv. Mater. 29, 1702069 (2017). [doi:10.1002/adma.201702069](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.201702069)</p> <p>2. Agar, J. C., Cao, Y., Naul, B., Pandya, S., van der Walt, S., Luo, A. I., Maher, J. T., Balke, N., Jesse, S., Kalinin, S. V., Vasudevan, R. K. & Martin, L. W. Machine detection of enhanced electromechanical energy conversion in PbZr<sub>0.2</sub>Ti<sub>0.8</sub>O<sub>3</sub> thin films. Adv. Mater. 30, e1800701 (2018). [doi:10.1002/adma.201800701](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/adma.201800701)</p> <p>3. Griffin, L. A., Gaponenko, I. & Bassiri-Gharb, N. Better, Faster, and Less Biased Machine Learning: Electromechanical Switching in Ferroelectric Thin Films. Adv. Mater. e2002425 (2020). [doi:10.1002/adma.202002425](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/adma.202002425)</p> <p>4. Qin, S., Guo, Y., Kaliyev, A. T. & Agar, J. C. Why it is Unfortunate that Linear Machine Learning ‘Works’ so well in Electromechanical Switching of Ferroelectric Thin Films. Adv. Mater. e2202814 (2022). [doi:10.1002/adma.202202814](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.202202814)</p>
Dataset related to "Atomic Force Microscope with an Adjustable Probe Direction and Integrated Sensing and Actuation"
<p>These original measurement data relate to the publication: J. Schaude, T. Hausotte: Atomic Force Microscope with an Adjustable Probe Direction and Integrated Sensing and Actuation, Nanomanufacturing and Metrology 5, pp. 519-148, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s41871-022-00143-9">https://doi.org/10.1007/s41871-022-00143-9</a>. Please refer to this open access publication for a detailed description of the measurement setup and procedure.</p> <p>All data are in ASCII-format. Each file contains six columns, where column one to three are the <em>x</em>, <em>y</em>, and <em>z</em>-coordinates of the positioning system, column four is the demodulated signal of the AFM (<em>R</em><sub>AFM</sub>) and columns five and six are the raw signals of the <em>z</em>-interferometer (<em>Q</em><sub>A</sub> and <em>Q</em><sub>B</sub>).</p> <p><strong>Content of the folders</strong></p> <p>10_Calibrations: Repeated calibration of the AFM against the <em>z</em>-interferometer of the NMM-1.</p> <p>20_Standstill-Measurements: Three standstill measurements for 90 s each.</p> <p>30_Long-Term-Precision: Standstill measurements for 15 s every 10 min for in sum 18 hours.</p> <p>40_Scans: Repeated closed-loop scans on a calibration grating.</p> <p>50_SINCOS: Repeated movement of the stage in z-direction for 2 µm with the cantilever being in free air just before the sample.</p> <p><strong>Acknowledgement</strong></p> <p>This project was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) –TRR 285 -Project-ID 418701707, subproject C05</p>
Dataset for "Roles of surface forcing in the Southern Ocean temperature and salinity changes under increasing CO2: perspectives from model perturbation experiments and a theoretical framework"
<p>Reference: Kewei Lyu, Xuebin Zhang, John A. Church, Quran Wu, Russell Fiedler, and Fabio Boeira Dias (2022), Roles of surface forcing in the Southern Ocean temperature and salinity changes under increasing CO<sub>2</sub>: perspectives from model perturbation experiments and a theoretical framework, <em>Journal of Physical Oceanography</em>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-22-0095.1">https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-22-0095.1</a></p>
Force propagation between epithelial cell doublets
<p>Cell-generated forces play a major role in coordinating the large-scale behavior of cell assemblies, in particular during development, wound healing and cancer. Mechanical signals propagate faster than biochemical signals but can have similar effects, especially in epithelial tissues with strong cell-cell adhesion. However, a quantitative description of the transmission chain from force generation in a sender cell, force propagation across cell-cell boundaries, and the concomitant response of receiver cells is missing. For a quantitative analysis of this important situation, here we propose a minimal model system of two epithelial cells on an H-pattern ("cell doublet"). After optogenetically activating RhoA, a major regulator of cell contractility, in the sender cell, we measure the mechanical response of the receiver cell by traction force and monolayer stress microscopies. In general, we find that the receiver cells show an active response so that the cell doublet forms a coherent unit. However, force propagation and response of the receiver cell also strongly depend on the mechano-structural polarization in the cell assembly, which is controlled by cell-matrix adhesion to the adhesive micropattern. We find that the response of the receiver cell is stronger when the mechano-structural polarization axis is oriented perpendicular to the direction of force propagation, reminiscent of the Poisson effect in passive materials. We finally show that the same effects are at work in small tissues. Our work demonstrates that cellular organization and active mechanical response of a tissue is key to maintaining signal strength and leads to the emergence of elasticity, which means that signals are not dissipated like in a viscous system but can propagate over large distances. </p>
Glue genes are subjected to diverse selective forces in Drosophila during Drosophila development
<p>Molecular evolutionary studies usually focus on genes with clear roles in adult fitness or on developmental genes expressed at multiple time points during the life of the organism. Here, we examine the evolutionary dynamics of Drosophila glue genes, a set of eight genes tasked with a singular primary function during a specific developmental stage: the production of glue that allows animal pupa to attach to a substrate for several days during metamorphosis. Using phenotypic assays and available data from transcriptomics, PacBio genomes, and genetic variation from global populations, we explore the selective forces acting on the glue genes within the cosmopolitan <i>D. melanogaster</i> species and its five closely related species, <i>D. simulans</i>, <i>D. sechellia</i>, <i>D. mauritiana</i>, <i>D. yakuba</i>, and <i>D. teissieri</i>. We observe a three-fold difference in glue adhesion between the least and the most adhesive <i>D. melanogaster</i> strain, indicating a strong genetic component to phenotypic variation. These eight glue genes are among the most highly expressed genes in salivary glands yet they display no notable codon bias. New copies of <i>Sgs3</i> and <i>Sgs7 </i>are found in <i>D. yakuba </i>and<i> D. teissieri</i> with the <i>Sgs3</i> coding sequence evolving rapidly after duplication in the <i>D. yakuba</i> branch. Multiple sites along the various glue genes appear to be constrained. Our population genetics analysis in <i>D. melanogaster</i> suggests signs of local adaptive evolution for <i>Sgs3</i>, <i>Sgs5</i> and <i>Sgs5bis</i> and traces of recent selection for <i>Sgs1</i>, <i>Sgs3</i>, <i>Sgs7 </i>and<i> Sgs8</i>. Our work shows that stage-specific genes can be subjected to various dynamic evolutionary forces.</p>
Diurnal waves forced by horizontal convergence of near-surface winds on Mars
<p>This site provides public access to data used in the following journal article: </p> <p>D. Hinson and J. Wilson (2023). Diurnal waves forced by horizontal convergence of near-surface winds on Mars, Icarus 394, 115420, doi: 10.1016/j.icarus.2022.115420 </p> <p><a href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20230001896/downloads/20230001896-Hinson_2022_Diurnal_waves%5B1%5D.pdf">https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20230001896/downloads/20230001896-Hinson_2022_Diurnal_waves%5B1%5D.pdf</a></p> <p> </p>
FAIR-IMPACT Synchronisation Force: preliminary data gathered from projects and intiatives
<p>Between the 21st and 24th of November 2022 more than 120 representatives of projects and initiatives funded and/or supported by the European Commission H2020 and Horizon Europe programmes and operating in the EOSC framework joined the FAIR-IMPACT Synchronisation Force collaborative sessions to assess the implementation of the FAIR principles across research projects and initiatives in the EOSC framework.</p> <p>The team focussed on work related to FAIR-IMPACT focus areas, namely Metrics and assessing FAIRness (session 1), Persistent Identifiers (Session 2), Trustworthy and FAIR-enabling repositories (Session 3) and Metadata, semantics and interoperability (Session 4).</p> <p>In order to ensure an interactive meeting, participants were asked to complete a preliminary survey according to the sessions that they would join and complete 4 questions. The inputs received constituted the starting point for the discussions during the Synchronisation Force Workshop and are collected here as pdf files.</p> <p> </p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.