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Figs. 32–36 in Eggs, Ovariole Numbers, and Modes of Parasitism of Cleptoparasitic Bees, with Emphasis on Neotropical Species (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)

Figs. 32–36. SEM micrographs of mature oocyte of Rhathymus species A. 32. Entire oocyte, incurved surface. 33. Closeup of micropylar area identified by rectangle in fig. 32. 34. Anterior end of oocyte of another specimen showing small elevation at anterior pole. 35. Closeup of rectangle in fig. 34, showing micropyle just above elevation. 36. Chorionic patterning at midbody.

Fig. 51 in Eggs, Ovariole Numbers, and Modes of Parasitism of Cleptoparasitic Bees, with Emphasis on Neotropical Species (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)

Fig. 51. SEM micrograph of anterior end of mature oocyte of Exaerete smaragdina showing multipored micropylar cluster and polygons with raised borders radiating from it.

Figs. 20–24 in Eggs, Ovariole Numbers, and Modes of Parasitism of Cleptoparasitic Bees, with Emphasis on Neotropical Species (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)

Figs. 20–24. SEM micrographs of mature oocyte of Leiopodus lacertinus. 20. Entire oocyte, lateral view. 21. Closeup of hooked ventral chorion projections in rectangle in fig. 20. 22. Anterior end of oocyte, dorsolateral view, showing smooth operculum and position of micropyle, of presumed latestage mature oocyte. 23. Micropyle of presumed latestage oocyte with most pores closed by debris, frontal view. 24. Anterior end of oocyte, dorsolateral view, showing polygonal pattern suggesting that this is an earlystage mature oocyte.

Fig. 52 in Eggs, Ovariole Numbers, and Modes of Parasitism of Cleptoparasitic Bees, with Emphasis on Neotropical Species (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)

Fig. 52. Comparison frequency distributions for oocyte size (egg index) of cleptoparasitic bees that secrete their eggs in open host cells (dark outline), of those that introduce their eggs into cells that have already been sealed by the host (hatched), and of noneusocial, nonparasitic bees (gray). For further details, see text.

Figs. 45–50 in Eggs, Ovariole Numbers, and Modes of Parasitism of Cleptoparasitic Bees, with Emphasis on Neotropical Species (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)

Figs. 45–50. SEM micrographs of mature oocyte of Mesoplia rufipes. 45. Anterior end, frontal view. 46. Closeup of micropylar area showing plumelike sculpturing below micropyle. 47. Closeup of micropyle; note some pores filled with follicular debris. 48. Posterior end of oocyte, lateral view. 49. Closeup of chorion toward posterior end. 50. Closeup of chorion near anterior end showing incised, polygonal pattern with one or two nodules per polygon.

Fig. 57 in Eggs, Ovariole Numbers, and Modes of Parasitism of Cleptoparasitic Bees, with Emphasis on Neotropical Species (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)

Fig. 57. Diagrams of mature oocyte of Coelioxys novomexicana, lateral and dorsal/ventral views, respectively; anterior ends toward the left; position of micropyle as noted.

Fig. 54 in Eggs, Ovariole Numbers, and Modes of Parasitism of Cleptoparasitic Bees, with Emphasis on Neotropical Species (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)

Fig. 54. Cladogram showing bee phylogeny upon which has been plotted the cleptoparasitic taxa that oviposit into nest cells that have not yet been closed by the host female (O) and the cleptoparasitic taxa that oviposit in nest cells that had been closed by the host female (•). Genera of cleptoparasites appear beneath the higher taxon to which they belong. If no generic name is listed beneath a cleptoparasitic taxon, all included genera are assumed to be cleptoparasitic with the same mode of parasitism. For discussion, see text. Cladogram modified from Engel (2001) and Michener (2000).

Figs. 55, 56 in Eggs, Ovariole Numbers, and Modes of Parasitism of Cleptoparasitic Bees, with Emphasis on Neotropical Species (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)

Figs. 55, 56. SEM micrographs of mature oocyte of Stelis elongativentris. 55. Anterior end, frontal view. 56. Closeup of micropyle.

Figs. 16, 17 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys (Allocoelioxys) coturnix, Including Descriptions of Its Larval Instars (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Figs. 16, 17. SEM micrograph of larval instars of Coelioxys coturnix. 16. Second instar showing skin of first instar attached to venter. 17. Close-up of first-instar mandible (identified by rectangle in fig. 16).

Figs. 11–15 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys (Allocoelioxys) coturnix, Including Descriptions of Its Larval Instars (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Figs. 11–15. SEM micrographs of first larval instar of Coelioxys coturnix. 11. Head, covered by chorion, biting egg of Megachile minutissima, frontolateral view. 12. Close-up of front of head, showing micropylar sculpturing of chorion. 13. Head of larva, now removed from host egg, showing mouthparts, near lateral view. 14. Same, approximate ventral view. 15. Mouthparts, with egg chorion and lateral part of parietal now removed, approximate frontal view.

Figs. 4–8 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys (Allocoelioxys) coturnix, Including Descriptions of Its Larval Instars (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Figs. 4–8. Macrophotographs of live eggs and early instars of Coelioxys coturnix and eggs of its host, Megachile minutissima. 4. Egg of C. coturnix on host egg. 5. Shrouded first instar of C. coturnix feeding on partly depleted egg of host. 6. Live egg of C. coturnix with its posterior end slightly submerged in provisions and positioned slightly diagonally on host egg; note second egg of C. coturnix removed from host egg and resting in provisions. 7. Egg of C. coturnix attached to host egg, both resting on their sides. 8. Live first instar of C. coturnix feeding on host egg with large egg of Sapyga luteomaculata, ready to eclose, nearby on surface of provisions.

Figs. 23–26 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys (Allocoelioxys) coturnix, Including Descriptions of Its Larval Instars (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Figs. 23–26. SEM micrographs of third larval instar of Coelioxys coturnix. 23. Head, mostly frontal view. 24. Close-up of mouthparts, showing dorsal mandibular tooth larger than on previous instar and showing larger palpi than on previous instar. 25. Close-up of left antenna and anterior tentorial pit (as identified by rectangle, fig. 23), showing two sensilla. 26. Spiracle, abdominal segment 3, right side.

Figs. 9, 10 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys (Allocoelioxys) coturnix, Including Descriptions of Its Larval Instars (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Figs. 9, 10. SEM micrographs of second instar (identified by its mandible, as in fig. 20) of Coelioxys coturnix. 9. The somewhat flaccid egg of Megachile minutissima to which is attached the chorion and presumably first instar skin of C. coturnix. 10. Close-up of micropyle (identified by rectangle in fig. 9) matched with micropyle of mature oocyte (Rozen and Kamel, 2007: fig. 33).

Figs. 1–3 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys (Allocoelioxys) coturnix, Including Descriptions of Its Larval Instars (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Figs. 1–3. Trap-nest panels, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt. 1. Five panels deployed on campus. 2. Close-up of part of one panel showing nesting straws projecting from holes in painted foam plastic and a female of Coelioxys coturnix at one entrance. 3. Nest straw removed from panel and opened to expose leaflined cells of Megachile minutissima.

Figs. 27–29 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys (Allocoelioxys) coturnix, Including Descriptions of Its Larval Instars (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Figs. 27–29. SEM micrographs of fourth larval instar of Coelioxys coturnix. 27. Head, frontal view, showing enlarged dorsal mandibular teeth. 28. Same, ventral view, showing longer antennal papillae and palpi compared with earlier instars. 29. Close-up of left antenna with three sensilla and anterior tentorial pit (identified by rectangle in fig. 27).

Figs. 18–22 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Coelioxys (Allocoelioxys) coturnix, Including Descriptions of Its Larval Instars (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Figs. 18–22. SEM micrographs of second instar of Coelioxys coturnix. 18. Head, frontolateral view; upper rectangle refers to fig. 19; lower rectangle refers to fig. 22. 19. Close-up of left antenna and anterior tentorial pit. 20. Close-up of mandible, showing small subapical dorsal tooth, and labral apex with apical row of pronounced, sensilla-bearing tubercles. 21. Base of right mandible, showing small tubercles on outer surface, and right maxilla. 22. Close-up of labiomaxillary region, showing labial palpi and left maxilla and palpus.

Figs 28–31 in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Figs 28–31. SEM micrographs of pupa of Chiasmognathus pashupati, approximate lateral views. 28. Entire pupa, showing broad distribution of dense spicules. 29. Close-up of left vertical tubercle; note left lateral, nonspiculate ocellus behind tubercle. 30. T3, T4 showing dense spiculation and row of sharply pointed tubercles at posterior margin of each. 31. Apex of metasoma showing widespread spiculation and nonspiculate terminal spine.

Figs 26–27 in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Figs 26–27. SEM micrographs of pupa of Nomioides patruelis, approximate anterolateral view. 26. Close-up of wing tubercle. 27. Close-up of hind-tibial tubercle.

Figs. 5–9 in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Figs. 5–9. Immatures of Nomioides patruelis. 5. Egg, lateral view, anterior end at top. 6. Postdefecating larva, lateral view. 7, 8. Head, frontal and lateral views, respectively. 9. Right mandible, outer surface. Scales (5 1.0 mm) refer to figs. 5 and 6, respectively. Atp 5 anterior tentorial pit.

Fig. 1 in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Fig. 1. Nesting site of Nomioides patruelis, 7.5 mi. east of Gharo, Sind Province, Pakistan. Ian Stuppakoff, in foreground, collecting adults flying over site.