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Fig. 7 in Rosmarinic acid and hesperidin regulate gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, antioxidant system and the fatty acid biosynthesis-related gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana under heat stress

Fig. 7. The changes of monodehydroascorbate reductase activity (MDHAR, A), dehydroascorbate reductase activity (DHAR, B), ascorbate content (AsA, C), dehydroascorbate content (DHA, D), glutathione content (GSH, E), oxidized glutathione content (GSSG, F), AsA/DHA (G), GSH/GSSG (H) and GSH redox state (I) after rosmarinic acid (RA, 100 μM) and/or hesperidin (HP, 100 μM) with/without heat stress (38 ◦C) in A. thaliana leaves.

Fig. 4 in Rosmarinic acid and hesperidin regulate gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, antioxidant system and the fatty acid biosynthesis-related gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana under heat stress

Fig. 4. The changes of the relative band intensity of different types of peroxidase isoenzymes (POX, A) and POX activity (B), relative band intensity of different types of NADPH oxidase isoenzymes (NOX, C) and NOX activity (D) after rosmarinic acid (RA, 100 μM) and/or hesperidin (HP, 100 μM) with/without heat stress (38 ◦C) in A. thaliana leaves.

Fig. 3 in Rosmarinic acid and hesperidin regulate gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, antioxidant system and the fatty acid biosynthesis-related gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana under heat stress

Fig. 3. The changes of the relative band intensity of different types of superoxide dismutase isoenzymes (SOD, A) and SOD activity (B), the relative band intensity of different types of catalase isoenzymes (CAT, C) and CAT activity (D) after rosmarinic acid (RA, 100 μM) and/or hesperidin (HP, 100 μM) with/without heat stress (38 ◦C) in A. thaliana leaves.

Fig. 2 in Rosmarinic acid and hesperidin regulate gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, antioxidant system and the fatty acid biosynthesis-related gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana under heat stress

Fig. 2. The changes of hydrogen peroxide content (H O, A), lipid peroxidation (TBARS content, B), histochemical staining for O • accumulation (C), histochemical 2 2 2 staining for H2O2 determination (D), histochemical staining for plasma membrane integrity (E) and histochemical staining for lipid peroxidation (F) after rosmarinic acid (RA, 100 μM) and/or hesperidin (HP, 100 μM) with/without heat stress (38 ◦C) in A. thaliana leaves.

Fig. 6 in Rosmarinic acid and hesperidin regulate gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, antioxidant system and the fatty acid biosynthesis-related gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana under heat stress

Fig. 6. The changes of the relative band intensity of different types of ascorbate glutathione isoenzymes (APX, A) and APX activity (B), and glutathione reductase activity (GR, C) after rosmarinic acid (RA, 100 μM) and/or hesperidin (HP, 100 μM) with/without heat stress (38 ◦C) in A. thaliana leaves.

Fig. 3 in Fatty acid isoprenoid alcohol ester synthesis in fruits of the African Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis)

Fig. 3. Fatty acid isoprenoid alchohol ester content in leaves of African Oil Palm. The wax ester fraction was isolated from green leaves by solid phase extractions. Fatty acid phytyl esters (FAPEs) and fatty acid geranylgeranyl esters (FAGGEs) were quantified by Q-TOF MS/MS analysis. Data show mean ± SD, n = 3.

Fig. 1 in Fatty acid isoprenoid alcohol ester synthesis in fruits of the African Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis)

Fig. 1. Schematic overview of isoprenoid alcohol metabolism in African Oil Palm. Geranygeranyldiphosphate (geranylgeranyl-PP) can be esterified with chlorophyllide yielding geranylgeranylchlorophyll, or dephosphorylated to yield geranylgeraniol. Geranylgeranyl-chlorophyll is reduced to phytol-containing chlorophyll by geranylgeranyl reductase (GGR), and the resulting phytol tail can be released. Isoprenoid alcohols can be esterified with fatty acids producing FAPE and FAGGE, respectively, presumably by one of the EgELT enzymes in Oil Palm. Geranylgeranyl-PP is the substrate for the synthesis of carotenoids and tocotrienol. Phytol can be phosphorylated two times by VTE5 and VTE6 yielding phytyl-diphosphate (phytol-PP), the precursor for tocopherol synthesis.

Fig. 5 in Fatty acid isoprenoid alcohol ester synthesis in fruits of the African Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis)

Fig. 5. Fatty acid FAPE and FAGGE contents and composition in kernels of wild accessions of the African Oil Palm. The wax ester fraction was isolated from kernel tissue of the Deli x La Me´line and of wild accessions by solid phase extraction. FAPEs and FAGGEs were quantified by Q-TOF MS/MS analysis. (a) Total FAPE contents; (b) total and FAGGE contents; (c) FAPE composition; (d) FAGGE composition. Data are mean and SD, n =3. Values significantly different from Deli x La M´e; *P <0.05; **P <0.01; Student's t-test.

Fig. 4 in Fatty acid isoprenoid alcohol ester synthesis in fruits of the African Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis)

Fig. 4. Fatty acid isoprenoid alcohol ester contents and composition in the mesocarp of wild accessions of the African Oil Palm. The wax ester fraction was isolated from mesocarp of the Deli x La Me´line and of wild accessions by solid phase extraction. FAPEs and FAGGEs were quantified by Q-TOF MS/MS analysis. (a) Total FAPE contents; (b) total FAGGE contents; (c) FAPE composition; (d) FAGGE composition. Data are mean and SD, n = 3. Values significantly different from Deli x La M´e; *P <0.05; **P <0.01; Student's t-test.

Fig. 2 in Fatty acid isoprenoid alcohol ester synthesis in fruits of the African Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis)

Fig. 2. Fatty acid isoprenoid alcohol ester content and composition in mesocarp and kernel of the Deli x La Me´line. The wax ester fraction was isolated from mesocarp and kernel tissues of fruits of the Deli x La Me´line by solid phase extraction. Fatty acid phytyl esters (FAPEs) and fatty acid geranylgeranyl esters (FAGGEs) were quantified by Q-TOF MS/MS analysis. (a) Total FAPE and FAGGE contents in mesocarp and kernel tissues. (b) Molecular species composition of FAPEs and FAGGEs in mesocarp and kernel tissue. Data show mean ± SD, n = 3. Values significantly different between tissues, or between FAPE and FAGGE in the same tissue, are indicated by asterisks. *, P <0.05; **, P <0.01; Student's t-test.

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Fig. 3 in Fatty acids as chemotaxonomic and ecophysiological traits in green microalgae (desmids, Zygnematophyceae, Streptophyta): A discriminant analysis approach

Fig. 3. Linear discriminant analysis based on fatty acid profiles of desmid strains belonging to the time-isolation group. (a) Discrimination of the clusters ("very old", "old" and "new") at the start of cultivation (2 days). (b) Discrimination of the clusters at the end of cultivation (24 days). DF1 – the first discrimination function 1; DF2 – the second discrimination function; red triangles – strains cultivated> 35 years ("very old"); green quadrangles – strains cultivated between 15 and 35 years ("old"); blue circles – strains cultivated ≤ 15 years ("new"). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

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Fig. 2 in Fatty acids as chemotaxonomic and ecophysiological traits in green microalgae (desmids, Zygnematophyceae, Streptophyta): A discriminant analysis approach

Fig. 2. Linear discriminant analysis based on fatty acid profiles of desmid strains belonging to the trophic-preference group. (a) Discrimination of the clusters (oligotrophic, meso-oligotrophic, meso-eutrophic, and eutrophic) at the start of cultivation (2 days). (b) Discrimination of the clusters at the end of cultivation (24 days). DF1 – the first discrimination function 1; DF2 – the second discrimination function; red triangles – eutrophic strains; orange quadrangles – meso-eutrophic strains; green pentangles – meso-oligotrophic strains; blue circles – oligotrophic strains. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 3 in Extracellular lipids of Camelina sativa: Characterization of cutin and suberin reveals typical polyester monomers and unusual dicarboxylic fatty acids

Fig. 3. Annotated chromatograms of TMSi derivatives of C. sativa leaf cutin (A) and root suberin (B) monomers. Peak numbers correspond to monomers listed in Table 2 (cutin monomers) and Table 3 (suberin monomers). Internal standard (IS): 17:0 fatty acid methyl ester (IS1) and 15-hydroxy 15:0 fatty acid methyl ester (IS2). Asterisks indicate peaks of residual unsaturated fatty acids from membranes, not considered part of the polyester.

Fig. 2 in Extracellular lipids of Camelina sativa: Characterization of cutin and suberin reveals typical polyester monomers and unusual dicarboxylic fatty acids

Fig. 2. Suberin deposition in roots and seed coats of Camelina sativa. Root cross sections showing suberized root periderm stained with Sudan Red (A) or viewed via blue-yellow suberin autofluorescence (B). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of root endodermis (C) and TEM image of root periderm (D). TEM image of seed coat showing suberized palisade cell walls (E, F). Scale bars: 100 μm (A, B), 100 nm (C, D), 5 μm (E), and 500 nm (F). CW, cell wall; P, palisade layer; S, suberin.

Fig. 1 in Extracellular lipids of Camelina sativa: Characterization of cutin and suberin reveals typical polyester monomers and unusual dicarboxylic fatty acids

Fig. 1. Ultrastructure of Camelina sativa cuticles. Transmission electron microscopy images of cross-sections of adaxial (A) and abaxial (B) leaves, and top (C) and bottom (D) stems. Scanning electron microscopy images of adaxial (E) and abaxial (F) petal surfaces. Scale bars: 500 nm (A), 200 nm (B, C, D), and 10 μm (E, F). C, cuticle; CW, cell wall.

Fig. 4 in Extracellular lipids of Camelina sativa: Characterization of cutin and suberin reveals typical polyester monomers and unusual dicarboxylic fatty acids

Fig. 4. Lipid polyester monomer distribution in seed tissues. Comparison of transmethylation products from whole seeds, embryo-enriched and seed coatenriched delipidated residues. (A) Relative content of cutin monomer classes. (B–G) Detailed seed coat, embryo and whole seed monomer composition in each component class, namely hydroxy fatty acids (HFA; B), 1,ω-Diols (C), primary alcohols (PA; D), dicarboxylic acids (DCA; E) and hydroxycinnamic acids (HCA; F). Error bars represent SE; n =3. Fatty acids did not present any particular distribution between seed tissues and are not included in this figure.

The Effect of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Treatment and Prevention of Relapse of Bipolar Disorder

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01371383. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.

Intervention With n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA)-Supplemented Products in Moderate Hypertriglyceridemic Patients

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01437930. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.

Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Kynurenine Metabolism and Mood

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05520437. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 2.

Supplementation of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Children With Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02114632. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.