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Fig. 35. Chactopsis curupira, n in Systematic Revision Of The Neotropical Scorpion Genus Chactopsis Kraepelin, 1912 (Chactoidea: Chactidae), With Descriptions Of Two New Genera And Four New Species

Fig. 35. Chactopsis curupira, n. sp., paratype ³ (MHNC), habitus. A. Dorsal aspect. B. Ventral aspect. Scale bar 5 10 mm.

Fig. 48. Chactopsoides, n in Systematic Revision Of The Neotropical Scorpion Genus Chactopsis Kraepelin, 1912 (Chactoidea: Chactidae), With Descriptions Of Two New Genera And Four New Species

Fig. 48. Chactopsoides, n. gen., metasomal segments III–V, lateral aspect. A. Chactopsoides gonzalezspongai, n. sp., paratype ³ (AMNH). B. Chactopsoides marahuacaensis (González-Sponga, 2004), n. comb., holotype ♀ (MAGS). Scale bars 5 1 mm.

Fig. 32. Chactopsis chullachaqui, n in Systematic Revision Of The Neotropical Scorpion Genus Chactopsis Kraepelin, 1912 (Chactoidea: Chactidae), With Descriptions Of Two New Genera And Four New Species

Fig. 32. Chactopsis chullachaqui, n. sp., holotype ³ (MHNC), habitus. A. Dorsal aspect. B. Ventral aspect. Scale bar 5 10 mm.

Fig. 19. Chactopsis Kraepelin, 1912, metasomal segments I–IV, ventral aspect. A. Chactopsis curupira, n in Systematic Revision Of The Neotropical Scorpion Genus Chactopsis Kraepelin, 1912 (Chactoidea: Chactidae), With Descriptions Of Two New Genera And Four New Species

Fig. 19. Chactopsis Kraepelin, 1912, metasomal segments I–IV, ventral aspect. A. Chactopsis curupira, n. sp., paratype ³ (MZSP). B. Chactopsis insignis Kraepelin, 1912, ³ (MHNC). C. Chactopsis siapaensis González-Sponga, 1991, holotype ³ (MAGS). Scale bars 5 1 mm.

Fig. 9. Chactopsis Kraepelin, 1912 in Systematic Revision Of The Neotropical Scorpion Genus Chactopsis Kraepelin, 1912 (Chactoidea: Chactidae), With Descriptions Of Two New Genera And Four New Species

Fig. 9. Chactopsis Kraepelin, 1912, Chactopsoides, n. gen., and Megachactops, n. gen., dextral pedipalp chela, movable finger, dorsal aspect showing dentition. A. Chactopsis curupira, n. sp., paratype ³ (MZSP). B. Chactopsis insignis Kraepelin, 1912, ³ (MHNC). C. Chactopsoides anduzei (González-Sponga, 1982), n. comb., ³ (AMNH). D. Chactopsoides gonzalezspongai, n. sp., paratype ³ (AMNH). E. Megachactops kuemoi, n. sp., paratype ♀ (MHNC). Scale bars 5 1 mm.

Fig. 8. Chactopsis chullachaqui, n in Systematic Revision Of The Neotropical Scorpion Genus Chactopsis Kraepelin, 1912 (Chactoidea: Chactidae), With Descriptions Of Two New Genera And Four New Species

Fig. 8. Chactopsis chullachaqui, n. sp., holotype ³ (MHNC), sinistral hemispermatophore showing morphological terminology. A. Ventral aspect. B. Ental aspect. C. Ectal aspect. D. Dorsal aspect. Annotations: da, dorsal apophysis; ef, ental fold; el, ental lobe; fl, flagellum; Lam, lamina; med, median lobe; Ped, pedicel; ssp, sheath-shaped portion; Tr, trunk; tro, trough; vc, ventral concavity. Scale bar 5 1 mm.

Fig. 7. Chactopsis insignis Kraepelin, 1912 in Systematic Revision Of The Neotropical Scorpion Genus Chactopsis Kraepelin, 1912 (Chactoidea: Chactidae), With Descriptions Of Two New Genera And Four New Species

Fig. 7. Chactopsis insignis Kraepelin, 1912, dextral pedipalp segments showing reinterpretation of trichobothrial pattern proposed in present contribution, with corresponding terminology from Vachon (1974) in parentheses. *Trichobothium ist absent in Chactopsis Kraepelin, 1912, present in Chactopsoides, n. gen., and Megachactops, n. gen. A. Chela fixed finger. B–D. Chela manus. E. Femur. F–H. Patella. A, E, F. Dorsal aspect. B, G. External aspect. C, H. Ventral aspect; D. Internal aspect. Annotations: d, dorsal; db, Db, dorsal basal; dm, dorsal medial; dsb, dorsal suprabasal; dst, dorsal subterminal; dt, Dt, dorsal terminal; e, external; eb, Eb, external basal; em, external medial; esb, Esb, external suprabasal; est, Est, external subterminal; et, Et, external terminal; i, internal; ib, internal basal; isb, internal subbasal; ist, internal subterminal; it, internal terminal; v, V, ventral. Scale bar 5 1 mm.

Fig. 6 in Systematic Revision Of The Neotropical Scorpion Genus Chactopsis Kraepelin, 1912 (Chactoidea: Chactidae), With Descriptions Of Two New Genera And Four New Species

Fig. 6. Most parsimonious tree obtained by cladistic analysis of 62 morphological characters for 13 species of Chactopsis Kraepelin, 1912, Chactopsoides, n. gen., Megachactops, n. gen., and relevant outgroup taxa, under implied weights with k 5 6 (length 5 138). Characters optimized with accelerated transformation. Homoplasious and nonhomoplasious characters respectively indicated by white and black circles, character numbers above and character states below.

Fig. 5. Chactopsis Kraepelin, 1912 in Systematic Revision Of The Neotropical Scorpion Genus Chactopsis Kraepelin, 1912 (Chactoidea: Chactidae), With Descriptions Of Two New Genera And Four New Species

Fig. 5. Chactopsis Kraepelin, 1912, Chactopsoides, n. gen., and Megachactops, n. gen., habitus in life. A, B. Chactopsis amazonica Lourenço and Francke, 1986, Reserva Ducke, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. A. ³. B. ♀. C. Chactopsoides anduzei (González-Sponga, 1982), n. comb., ³, Isla Ratón, Amazonas, Venezuela. D. Chactopsoides gonzalezspongai, n. sp., ³, Isla Piñate, Amazonas, Venezuela. E. Chactopsis insignis Kraepelin, 1912, ³, Tahuayo River, Loreto Department, Peru. F. Megachactops kuemoi, n. sp., ♀, Tobogan del Cuao, Amazonas, Venezuela.

Fig. 3. Chactopsis Kraepelin, 1912, habitat. A in Systematic Revision Of The Neotropical Scorpion Genus Chactopsis Kraepelin, 1912 (Chactoidea: Chactidae), With Descriptions Of Two New Genera And Four New Species

Fig. 3. Chactopsis Kraepelin, 1912, habitat. A. Reserva Ducke, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, habitat of Chactopsis amazonica Lourenço and Francke, 1986. B. Guacamayo, Tarapoto, San Martín Department, Peru, habitat of Chactopsis chullachaqui, n. sp. C. Tahuayo River, Loreto Department, Peru, habitat of Chactopsis insignis Kraepelin, 1912.

Fig. 1 in Systematic Revision Of The Neotropical Scorpion Genus Chactopsis Kraepelin, 1912 (Chactoidea: Chactidae), With Descriptions Of Two New Genera And Four New Species

Fig. 1. Distribution of Chactopsis Kraepelin, 1912, plotting known locality records in Brazil, Peru, and Venezuela. Chactopsis amazonica Lourenço and Francke, 1986, open circles; Chactopsis barajuri González- Sponga, 1982, solid triangle; Chactopsis buhrnheimi Lourenço, 2003, open star; Chactopsis curupira, n. sp., open triangle; Chactopsis chullachaqui, n. sp., open diamond; Chactopsis insignis Kraepelin, 1912, solid squares; Chactopsis siapaensis González-Sponga, 1991, open square; Chactopsis sujirima González-Sponga, 1982, solid circles; undetermined Chactopsis species, solid stars. Box indicates area mapped in figure 2.

Fig. 2 in Systematic Revision Of The Neotropical Scorpion Genus Chactopsis Kraepelin, 1912 (Chactoidea: Chactidae), With Descriptions Of Two New Genera And Four New Species

Fig. 2. Distribution of Chactopsoides, n. gen., and Megachactops, n. gen., plotting known locality records in Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela. Chactopsoides anduzei (González-Sponga, 1982), n. comb., solid squares; Chactopsoides gonzalezspongai, n. sp., solid diamond; Chactopsoides marahuacaensis (González-Sponga, 2004), n. comb., open square; Chactopsoides yanomami (Lourenço et al., 2011), n. comb., solid circle; Megachactops coriaceo (González-Sponga, 1991), n. comb., open diamond; Megachactops kuemoi, n. sp., open circle; undetermined Chactopsoides species, solid stars.

Fig. 4. Chactopsoides, n in Systematic Revision Of The Neotropical Scorpion Genus Chactopsis Kraepelin, 1912 (Chactoidea: Chactidae), With Descriptions Of Two New Genera And Four New Species

Fig. 4. Chactopsoides, n. gen., and Megachactops, n. gen., habitat. A. Autana, Amazonas, Venezuela, habitat of Chactopsoides anduzei (González-Sponga, 1982), n. comb., and Megachactops kuemoi, n. sp. B. Isla Piñate, confluence of Orinoco and Ventuari rivers, Amazonas, Venezuela, habitat of Chactopsoides gonzalezspongai, n. sp.

FIG. 6 in Neotropical Monogenoidea. 47. Phylogeny and coevolution of species of Rhinoxenus (Platyhelminthes, Monogenoidea, Dactylogyridae) and their Characiformes hosts (Teleostei, Ostariophysi) with description of four new species

FIG. 6. — Cladogram showing phylogenetic relationship of Characiformes based on morphologic data, after Buckup (1991). The cladogram represents only the families analyzed in the present work. *, Characoidea (sensu Buckup 1998); **, clade sensu Malabarba 1998.

FIG. 3 in Neotropical Monogenoidea. 47. Phylogeny and coevolution of species of Rhinoxenus (Platyhelminthes, Monogenoidea, Dactylogyridae) and their Characiformes hosts (Teleostei, Ostariophysi) with description of four new species

FIG. 3. — Sclerotized structures in Rhinoxenus; A-F, R. curimbatae n. sp.; A, male copulatory organ (MCO); B, vagina; C, ventral anchor; D, dorsal anchor; E, hook; F, ventral bar; G-M, R. guianensis n. sp.; G, male copulatory organ (MCO); H, vagina; I, hook from pair 2; J, hook from pairs 1, 3-7; K, ventral bar; L, ventral anchor; M, dorsal anchor. Scale bars: A, B, 20 μm; C, D, F, 30 μm; E, I, J, 15 μm; G, H, 10 μm; K-M, 50 μm.

FIG. 1 in Neotropical Monogenoidea. 47. Phylogeny and coevolution of species of Rhinoxenus (Platyhelminthes, Monogenoidea, Dactylogyridae) and their Characiformes hosts (Teleostei, Ostariophysi) with description of four new species

FIG. 1. — Sclerotized structures of selected Rhinoxenus species; A, R. piranhus Kritsky, Boeger & Thatcher, 1988, male copulatory organ (MCO); B, R. piranhus, vagina; C, R. nyttus Kritsky, Boeger & Thatcher, 1988, MCO; D, R. nyttus, detail of the base of the MCO (distal portion of MCO not shown); E, R. nyttus, ventral anchor; F, R. arietinus Kritsky, Boeger & Thatcher, 1988, MCO. Arrow indicates the circular tandem sclerotized brims. Scale bars: A-D, F, 20 μm; E, 50 μm.

FIG. 8 in Neotropical Monogenoidea. 47. Phylogeny and coevolution of species of Rhinoxenus (Platyhelminthes, Monogenoidea, Dactylogyridae) and their Characiformes hosts (Teleostei, Ostariophysi) with description of four new species

FIG. 8. — Summary of the proposed historical relationships of Rhinoxenus species and their hosts. The parasite cladogram (solid lines) is superimposed on that (broad grey lines) of their hosts taxa. Dotted lines indicate postulated extinction or sampling error of parasites; dashed-dotted lines indicate postulated dispersion of parasite clades; circles indicate cospeciation events; triangle indicates duplication event. *, clade sensu Malabarba 1998.

FIG. 4. — Rhinoxenus euryxenus n in Neotropical Monogenoidea. 47. Phylogeny and coevolution of species of Rhinoxenus (Platyhelminthes, Monogenoidea, Dactylogyridae) and their Characiformes hosts (Teleostei, Ostariophysi) with description of four new species

FIG. 4. — Rhinoxenus euryxenus n. sp.; A, holotype (ventral); B, vagina; C, male copulatory organ (MCO); D, hook from pairs 1, 3-7; E, hook from pair 2; F, ventral bar; G, ventral anchor; H, dorsal anchor. Scale bars: A, 100 μm; B-E, 10 μm; F-H, 50 μm.

FIG. 2. — Rhinoxenus anaclaudiae n in Neotropical Monogenoidea. 47. Phylogeny and coevolution of species of Rhinoxenus (Platyhelminthes, Monogenoidea, Dactylogyridae) and their Characiformes hosts (Teleostei, Ostariophysi) with description of four new species

FIG. 2. — Rhinoxenus anaclaudiae n. sp.; A, holotype (ventral); B, male copulatory organ (MCO); C, hook from pair 2; D, hook from pairs 1, 3-7; E, vagina; F, ventral bar; G, dorsal anchor; H, ventral anchor. Scale bars: A, 100 μm; B-E, 10 μm; F-H, 30 μm.

FIG. 7 in Neotropical Monogenoidea. 47. Phylogeny and coevolution of species of Rhinoxenus (Platyhelminthes, Monogenoidea, Dactylogyridae) and their Characiformes hosts (Teleostei, Ostariophysi) with description of four new species

FIG. 7. — Cladogram of hosts groups of Rhinoxenus species constructed from parasitological data and using Characiformes taxa analyzed in the present work. Dashed lines postulate dispersion. Each host group is labeled with its taxonomic epithet followed by the Rhinoxenus species parasitizing its members.