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opennotspecifiedMar 2015View details →

Figure 2 in Coding characters from different life stages for phylogenetic reconstruction: a case study on dragonfly adults and larvae, including a description of the larval head anatomy of Epiophlebia superstes (Odonata: Epiophlebiidae)

Figure 2. Overview of the outer head anatomy of Epiophlebia superstes: A, ventral view with the right part displayed as a three-dimensional reconstruction in order to show the peculiar muscle arrangement of the labial prehensile mask; B, lateral view; C, frontal view; D, dorsal view. Abbreviations: acl, anteclypeus; agp, anterior genal process; antb, antennal base; cl, cleavage line; cr0lb1 + 2, cranial origin of labral muscles 0lb1 and 0lb2; cr0lb5, cranial origin of labral muscle 0lb5; cr0te3, cranial origin of tentorial muscle 0te3; e, eye; fl, flagellum; fr, frons; lbr, labrum; loc, lateral occellus; lp, labial palpus; moc, middle occellus; oc, occiput; ocr, occipital ridge; pcl, postclypeus; pe, pedicellus; prm, prementum; sc, scapus. For muscle references, see text and Table S2. Scale bar: 1 mm.

opennotspecifiedMar 2015View details →

Figure 1 in Coding characters from different life stages for phylogenetic reconstruction: a case study on dragonfly adults and larvae, including a description of the larval head anatomy of Epiophlebia superstes (Odonata: Epiophlebiidae)

Figure 1. Methodological workflow. In three matrices (AC, NMC, and MC) the full data set of 81 characters was used. The matrices differ in coding strategies. In matrix AC the larvae were coded as independent terminal taxa. In matrix NMC the larvae were omitted, thereby reducing the number of taxa from nine to six. If larval character states differed from adult ones, the character state of the adult was coded (non-multistate approach). In matrix MC we equally incorporated the larval character states into the adult character states, but in cases where larva possess a different character state than the adult these characters were coded as multistate characters. In matrix SC (separate coding) we coded larval and adult characters as separate characters within the same species, which resulted in a higher number of characters. If characters generated by the SC approach showed no variation they were omitted from the analysis, which is why not exactly twice as many characters as in matrices AC and MC are used.

opennotspecifiedMar 2015View details →

Figure 3 in Coding characters from different life stages for phylogenetic reconstruction: a case study on dragonfly adults and larvae, including a description of the larval head anatomy of Epiophlebia superstes (Odonata: Epiophlebiidae)

Figure 3. SEM micrographs of the outer and three-dimensional reconstructions of the inner anatomy of Epiophlebia superstes. Ventral (A) and dorsolateral (B) view of the mandible (A1, detail of the ventral region of the mandible; B1, detail of the region at the molar base). C, the labral, antennal, tentorial, and pharyngeal musculature in dorsal view. D, the mandibular muscles in dorsofrontal view (D1, same as D in dorsolateral view). E, epipharynx in posterior view (E1, detail of e). F, the labral, antennal, tentorial, and pharyngeal musculature in lateral view. Brain, 0an2, 0lb1, 0bu2, and 0hy2 omitted for clarity. Abbreviations: ata, anterior tentorial arms; br, brain; ct, corpotentorium; dta, dorsal tentorial arms; inc, incisivi; lbr, labrum; le, lateral extension of labrum; mo, mola; pe, pedicellus; phx, pharynx; sc, scapus. For muscle references see text and Table S2. Scale bar: 100 μm.

opennotspecifiedMar 2003View details →

Figs. 2–7. Eurysphindus larval anatomy. 2 in First Descriptions for Larval Stages of Eurysphindus (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea: Sphindidae)

Figs. 2–7. Eurysphindus larval anatomy. 2) E. comatulus, labrum, ventral; 3–4) E. hirtus, mandible, ventral; 3) right; 4) left; 5–6) E. comatulus; 5) antenna, left, ventral; 6) mandible, left, ventral; 7) E. hirtus, TII notum, right side, dorsal.

opennotspecifiedMar 2003View details →

Figs. 10–15. Eurysphindus comatulus larval anatomy. 10 in First Descriptions for Larval Stages of Eurysphindus (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea: Sphindidae)

Figs. 10–15. Eurysphindus comatulus larval anatomy. 10) Head, dorsal; 11) mandible, right, dorsal; 12) stemmata, right side, lateral; 13) AIII spiracle, right, lateral; 14) TII tarsungulus, right, anterior; 15) final instar larva, habitus, right side, lateral.

Fig. 4. Walterianella bucki, 3 in First Descriptions Of Larval Stages Of Walterianella Bucki Bechyné (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticini) And Notes On Life History

Fig. 4. Walterianella bucki, 3rd instar larva. A) Head, ventral view; B) antenna dorsal view; C) epipharynx; D) mandible, dorsal view; E) apex of hypopharyx; F) mandible, ventral view.

opennotspecifiedMar 2002View details →

Figs. 2–8. 2 in Description Of The Larval And Pupal Stages Of Cryptorhopalum Triste Leconte (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), With Notes On Biology And Rearing

Figs. 2–8. 2) Head of hastiseta from abdominal tergum 1; 3) same, from membrane behind abdominal tergum 7; 4) antenna, ventral view; 5) mandible, left, dorsal view; 6) epipharynx; 7) maxilla, left, dorsal view; 8) right, ventral view. Scale line 0.1 mm.

opennotspecifiedMar 2002View details →

Figs. 9–11. 9 in Description Of The Larval And Pupal Stages Of Cryptorhopalum Triste Leconte (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), With Notes On Biology And Rearing

Figs. 9–11. 9) Hypopharynx, frontolateral view; 10) abdominal tergum 1, left side, partially denuded; 11) abdominal tergum 9, denuded. Scale line 0.1 mm.

Fig. 5. Walterianella bucki, 3 in First Descriptions Of Larval Stages Of Walterianella Bucki Bechyné (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticini) And Notes On Life History

Fig. 5. Walterianella bucki, 3rd instar larva. A) Labium and maxilla, ventral view; B) frons with clypeus and labrum; C) mala, dorsal view.

Fig. 3. Walterianella bucki, 3 in First Descriptions Of Larval Stages Of Walterianella Bucki Bechyné (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticini) And Notes On Life History

Fig. 3. Walterianella bucki, 3rd instar larva. A) Dorsal habitus; B) abdominal apex, lateral view, some setae removed; C) abdominal apex, ventral view, some setae removed.

Fig. 2. Walterianella bucki, 3 in First Descriptions Of Larval Stages Of Walterianella Bucki Bechyné (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticini) And Notes On Life History

Fig. 2. Walterianella bucki, 3rd instar larva. A) Lateral habitus; B) head, dorsal view; C) prothoracic leg, interior view; D) pronotum, dorsal view.

Fig. 1. Walterianella bucki, first instar larva. A in First Descriptions Of Larval Stages Of Walterianella Bucki Bechyné (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticini) And Notes On Life History

Fig. 1. Walterianella bucki, first instar larva. A) Dorsal habitus; B) clublike seta; C) egg; D) prothoracic leg, interior view; E) right antenna, dorsal view.

Fig. 13 in Morphology of larval and postlarval stages of Priapulopsis bicaudatus (Danielssen, 1869) (Priapulida) from the north atlantic ocean

Fig. 13. Postlarval stages: Pharyngeal teeth of ring 2 (A–D), ring 3 (E–G) and tooth receptors. A-C show development of second-ring teeth in three specimens of different size, note different size of the central spine. Note also tooth receptors (arrows) on spines. D. Magnification of tooth receptors (arrows) and a small secondary spine (encircled). E, F. Third-ring tooth in two stages of different size with different intensity of back spines coverage. Arrowheads in E point at secondary spines, arrows in F at tooth receptors. G. Magnification of tooth receptors (arrows). H–N. Presence of tooth receptors (encircled or arrow) on different teeth from the adult (V13492), in ring 4 (H), 5 (I) and further. L. In the adult, posterior of toothring 6 the pharyngeal teeth become distinctly smaller. All images SEM, A from specimen 8-4 of V13493, B, D from V13484, C from V13477, E fromV13498, F from V134482, G from V13499, H-L from V13492.

Fig. 10 in Morphology of larval and postlarval stages of Priapulopsis bicaudatus (Danielssen, 1869) (Priapulida) from the north atlantic ocean

Fig. 10. Postlarval stages: Anterior scalid region. A. Young specimen 6-1 of V13493. Scalids of the frontal ring (ring 0) are directed anteriorly. One smaller tooth (encircled) is not in line with the others. Arrows point at primary scalids. Note one longitudinal row of scalids following each ring 2 scalid (ring 2) and two rows following each primary scalid. B. Older specimen 9-4 of V13493 with ring 0 scalids, several smaller scalids anterior of this ring (encircled), primary scalids (ps), ring 2 scalids (ring 2) and scalid rows.

Fig. 9 in Morphology of larval and postlarval stages of Priapulopsis bicaudatus (Danielssen, 1869) (Priapulida) from the north atlantic ocean

Fig. 9. Postlarval stages: caudal appendage. A. Many specimens have only one caudal appendage, the bud of the second (arrow) may be visible. B. The anus (an) is located between the two caudal appendages (ca). C. In short caudal appendages, an annulation is indicated. D. In some specimens, the caudal appendage is strongly annulated. E. Arranged in rings, vesicle buds with apical "spinulets" are present. F. The spinules end with one tube. G. In the adult, the stem of the caudal appendage is covered with vesicles. In places where these are broken off, their arrangement in rings becomes evident (arrows). Spinulets are present on the apex of the vesicles (circle). H, I. Magnification of the spinulets (encircled in H). J. In the adult, the apex contains 2–3 tubes. All images SEM, A, E, F from V13482, B, C from V13499, D from V13493, G-J from V13492.

Fig. 7 in Morphology of larval and postlarval stages of Priapulopsis bicaudatus (Danielssen, 1869) (Priapulida) from the north atlantic ocean

Fig. 7. Postlarval stages: general shape. A. Specimen V13482 with partly everted introvert (in), trunk (tr) and one caudal appendage (ca). B. Specimen V13491. C. Two specimens of V13497 with asymmetrical caudal appendages, the left one with a small bud (arrow), the right one with two equally long, but unequally thick appendages (arrow on the thinner appendage). D-G. Four different specimens from V13493 with differently everted introverts, different contraction stages of the trunk and different development of the caudal appendage. Arrows in F and G point at the smaller second appendage. Note segmented longer appendage in G. H. Adult specimen V13492 in overview. I. Posterior view, showing the paired caudal appendage. Note the structural change at the ventral midline (vml).

Fig. 4 in Morphology of larval and postlarval stages of Priapulopsis bicaudatus (Danielssen, 1869) (Priapulida) from the north atlantic ocean

Fig. 4. Larvae, habitus and internal structure. A. Example of a specimen, where the larval body does not completely fill out the lorica volume. A funnelshaped structure (fu) connects the putative anus with the posterior lorica margin. B, C. Examples of specimens, in which the larval body fills the lorica completely. D. Magnification of the funnel-structure. E. Larva in (putative) molt, ex = exuvia, recognizable by the molted scalids (arrow). F–H. Internal structure showing compartmentalization of the intestine in larvae with withdrawn introvert into a thicker pharyngeal region (ph), midgut (mg) and a more slender part (arrows), ending in the anus (an). In specimens with everted introvert, the intestine appears straight. All images by light microscopy. A, D from two different specimens of V13478, B from larva 1 of V13493, C from larva 3 of V13500, E from larva 1 of V13497, F from larva 12 of V13494, G from V13490, H from larva 1 of V13496.

Fig. 5 in Morphology of larval and postlarval stages of Priapulopsis bicaudatus (Danielssen, 1869) (Priapulida) from the north atlantic ocean

Fig. 5. Introvert of the larva. A. Fully everted introvert showing the division into neck (ne), scalid region (sc) and mouth cone (mc). The primary scalids (ps) are directed anteriorly, the ring 2-scalids are marked by an arrow. ru = ruff. B. Arrangement of the 8 primary scalids (ps1-ps8), the ring 2-scalids (asterisks) and the further scalids (sc). The edge of two pharyngeal teeth (pt) is visible. C. Magnification of the mouth cone and the primary scalids (ps). The dashed line indicates a virtual line, along which scalids are arranged on both sides. The white line marks a row of scalids between primary scalids, the asterisk marks the first, larger scalid in these rows. D. Scalids are arranged in longitudinal rows. E. The broad, leaf-like scalids are have a margin (ma), a pair of tube-like structures (arrows) and a fringe (fr). F. Magnification of the "inner" region of the apical end of a primary scalid. G. Side view on a primary scalid. H. Back side of a primary scalid with several spines. All images SEM. A from V13489, B, D-H from three different specimens of V13478, C V13495.

Fig. 3 in Morphology of larval and postlarval stages of Priapulopsis bicaudatus (Danielssen, 1869) (Priapulida) from the north atlantic ocean

Fig. 3. Lorica: tubuli and frontal plates. A. Fine structure of a tubulus. B. Two frontal plates (fp1, fp2) are present frontal of the dorsal/ventral plate (dvp). C. A pair of laterofrontal plates (lfp) is visible in some specimens. The margin (ma) between frontal plates 1 and 2 is very prominent. D. The folded lateral plates may extend beyond the frontal margins in the closed lorica. E. Frontal view showing the frontal plate 2 and one laterofrontal plate. The sublateral (slp) and midlateral (mlp) plates do not have frontal plates. F. Frontal view on almost closed lorica, showing the prominent margin between the two frontal plates. All images by SEM. A from larva 10 of V13478, B from V13483, C from larva 2 of V13488, D-F from three different specimens of V13494.

Fig. 2. Lorica structure. A, B in Morphology of larval and postlarval stages of Priapulopsis bicaudatus (Danielssen, 1869) (Priapulida) from the north atlantic ocean

Fig. 2. Lorica structure. A, B. The same larva (29,006) imaged with light microscoy (A) and SEM (B). Note slight size differences and folding artifacts possibly due to preparation for SEM. Arrows indicate lateral tubuli (as in B-D, F and G). C, D. The broader and more oval appearance of some larvae is created by the outfolding of the lateral plates, as seen by SEM (D). E, F. Three pairs of lateral plates are present, named sublateral plates (slp) and midlateral plates (mlp). G. Structurally different lorica of specimen 28,635_4. H. Arrows indicate the inner folding edge between the two sublateral and the two midlateral plates. Further abbreviations: dvp = dorsal/ventral plate, mr = median ridge. A, C by light microscopy, B, D-H by SEM. A, B from V13479, C, D from larva 5 of V13478, E from larva 10 of V13494, F from larva 10 of V13478, H from larva 6 of V13488.