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4,585 results for “Scorpion”
Figures 310–319 in Reanalysis of Teruelius and Grosphus (Scorpiones Buthidae with descriptions of two new species
Figures 310–319. Grosphus angulatus sp. n. Figures 310– 313. Paratype female, right chelicera in dorsal (310–311) and ventral (312–313) views, under white light (310, 312) and UV fluorescence (311, 313). Scale bar: 1 mm. Figures 314– 317. Paratype female, right basitarsi and telotarsi in retrolateral views, legs I (314), II (315), III (316) and IV (317). Scale bar: 1 mm. Figures 318– 319. Holotype female, right chela dentition, fixed finger (318), movable finger (319). UV fluorescence. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figures 287–288 in Reanalysis of Teruelius and Grosphus (Scorpiones Buthidae with descriptions of two new species
Figures 287–288. Grosphus angulatus sp. n., holotype female. Carapace and tergites (287) and coxosternal area and sternites (288). Scale bar: 2 mm. UV fluorescence.
Figures 320–327 in Reanalysis of Teruelius and Grosphus (Scorpiones Buthidae with descriptions of two new species
Figures 320–327. Grosphus angulatus sp. n., variation in female bpt. Figures 320– 324. Basal pectines showing bpt shapes of holotype (322) and four paratypes (320–321, 323– 324). White arrow (320) indicates partially modified intermediate tooth bearing a sensorial area (cf. Figs. 43–44). Figure 325. Basal pectines of female G. hirtus showing typical bpt shape. UV fluorescence (320–325). Figures 326– 327. Bivariate scatter plots of bpt scores of G. angulatus sp. n. (black circles) and G. hirtus (gray circles) for principal components PC2 vs. PC1 (326) and PC4 vs. PC3 (327) obtained from PCA of 32 Fourier coefficients from up to eighth order harmonic terms in EFA of bpt shapes of Grosphus and Teruelius (cf. Figs. 29– 33).
Figures 328–331 in Reanalysis of Teruelius and Grosphus (Scorpiones Buthidae with descriptions of two new species
Figures 328–331. Teruelius haeckeli sp. n., habitus. Figures 328– 329. Holotype male in dorsal (328) and ventral (329) views. Figures 330–331. Paratype female in dorsal (330) and ventral (331) views. Scale bars: 10 mm.
Figures 304–309 in Reanalysis of Teruelius and Grosphus (Scorpiones Buthidae with descriptions of two new species
Figures 304–309. Grosphus angulatus sp. n., pedipalp segments of female holotype (304–306, 308–309) and female paratype (307) with trichobothrial pattern indicated. Chela in external (304) and ventral (305) views. Patella in dorsal (306) and external (307) views. Femur in dorsal (308) and internal (309) views.
Figures 289–303 in Reanalysis of Teruelius and Grosphus (Scorpiones Buthidae with descriptions of two new species
Figures 289–303. Grosphus angulatus sp. n. Figures 289–300. Left pedipalp chela (289, 292, 295, 298), patella (290, 293, 296, 299) and femur (291, 294, 297, 300) in dorsal (289–291), external (292–294), ventral (295–297) and internal (298–300) views. All are holotype female except external patella (293) from a paratype female, as the left trichobothrium esb is missing in the holotype. Scale bar: 2 mm. UV fluorescence. 1 Figures 301–303. Metasoma and telson of paratype female in ventral (301), left lateral (302) and dorsal (303) views. Scale bar: 4 mm. UV fluorescence.
Figures 269–274 in Reanalysis of Teruelius and Grosphus (Scorpiones Buthidae with descriptions of two new species
Figures 269–274. Analysis of position of patellar trichobothrium esb relative to esb and em in buthids. Figure 269. Ranked horizontal bar 2 1 plot of axial position of esb 2 relative to esb 1, normalized to axial distance between em and esb 1 (n = 435 patellae, representing 395 species in 75 genera; 77% of recognized genera. Color codes: blue, 'Buthus' group (n = 146); cyan, 'Ananteris/ Isometrus' group (n = 68); red, 'Charmus/ Uroplectes' group (n = 92, including Microcharmus variegatus); green, 'Tityus' group (n = 129). Gray line: threshold ratio of + 0.18 selected for character discretization. Insets: trichobothrial patterns of selected species and trichobothrial nomenclature in Parabuthus abyssinicus (external views, right patellae). Figure 270. Distributions of normalized axial positions of esb relative to esb in four main clades of buthids (color 2 1 codes as in Fig. 269). Indicated are percentages of each group falling below and above discretization threshold. Figure 271. Bivariate scatter plot of normalized axial position of em relative to esb 1 vs. normalized axial position of esb 2 relative to esb 1 in buthids (sample and group color codes as in Fig. 269). Normalization by est-esb1 distance. Figures 272–274. Bivariate scatter plots of data in Fig. 271 showing distributions of selected genera from 'Charmus/ Uroplectes' group (272) and 'Tityus' group (273–274).
Figures 281–284 in Reanalysis of Teruelius and Grosphus (Scorpiones Buthidae with descriptions of two new species
Figures 281–284. Examples of MPTs of buthid exemplar taxa retrieved by analysis of 35 discrete morphological characters (Tables 10–11), rooted by outgroup Microcharmus variegatus, under equal weights (majority rule consensus of 20 trees, 50% cut) (281), and implied weights with concavity constants k = 1 (282), k = 3 (283) and k = 10 (284). Numbers above nodes in Fig. 281 are percentages of MPTs. Numbers above nodes in Figs. 282–284 are jackknife by symmetric resampling supports, those below relative Bremer supports.
Figures 206–209 in Reanalysis of Teruelius and Grosphus (Scorpiones Buthidae with descriptions of two new species
Figures 206–209. Examples of MPTs retrieved by phylogenetic analyses of Grosphus and Teruelius, with multiple outgroup taxa in topologies fixed by backbone constraints. Figures 206–207. MPTs retrieved with 11 outgroup taxa in constrained topologies determined by the buthid MPT of Fig. 276, from discrete characters (206) or discrete and continuous characters (207), analyzed under implied weights. Figures 208–209. MPTs retrieved with 7 outgroup taxa in constrained topologies determined by molecular phylogenetic analyses of buthids (Fig. 190), from discrete characters (208) or discrete and continuous characters (209), analyzed under prior (209) or implied (208) weights. Numbers above nodes are jackknife by symmetric resampling supports, those below relative Bremer supports. Color coding of groups according to legend in Fig. 16.
Figures 265–268 in Reanalysis of Teruelius and Grosphus (Scorpiones Buthidae with descriptions of two new species
Figures 265–268. Analysis of distal pectinal tooth shape and pedipalp chela manus basal trichobothriotaxy in microcharmids and buthids. Figure 265. Bivariate scatter plot of outer curvature angle Θ of distal pectinal tooth vs. carapace L in buthids (black and gray symbols; n = 267; 142 ♂, 125 ♀; 61 genera) and microcharmids (green symbols: n = 9; 3 ♂, 6 ♀; 2 genera). All four main clades of buthids represented: 'Buthus', 'Ananteris/ Isometrus', 'Charmus/ Uroplectes' and 'Tityus' groups. Members of 'Buthus' group are plotted as black symbols. Males plotted as triangles, females as circles. Intersecting lines subtending Θ are tangent on the outer (distal) margin at 1/3 and 2/3 along the longitudinal axis of the tooth. Gray line: linear least squares regression (R = –0.44, P <0.0001). Abscissa with logarithmic scale. Figure 266. Ranked vertical bar plot of data for outer curvature angle Θ in Fig. 265,. Color codes as in Fig. 265. Silhouettes are examples of distal tooth profiles. Figures 267–268. Distributions of configurations of basal trichobothria (Eb 1, Eb 2 and Eb 3) on pedipalp chela manus among four main clades of buthids. Relative position of Eb 1 and Eb 2 along proximal-distal axis of manus (267), and direction of opening of non-reflex angle formed by (Eb 1, Eb 2, Eb ) triad (268). Data from n = 604 buthids, and n = 3 microcharmids (classified under 'Charmus/ Uroplectes' group).
Figures 200–203 in Reanalysis of Teruelius and Grosphus (Scorpiones Buthidae with descriptions of two new species
Figures 200–203. Examples of MPTs retrieved by phylogenetic analyses of Grosphus and Teruelius, rooted by 4 different outgroup taxa: Pseudolychas ochraceus (200), P. pegleri (201), Tityobuthus monodi (202) and Somalicharmus whitmanae (203). Weighting schemes and data matrices indicated above each tree (see Table 7). Numbers above nodes are jackknife by symmetric resampling supports, those below relative Bremer supports. Color coding of groups according to legend in Fig. 16.
Figures 184–189 in Reanalysis of Teruelius and Grosphus (Scorpiones Buthidae with descriptions of two new species
Figures 184–189. Variation in UV fluorescence of preserved material. Figures 184–185. Teruelius limbatus, female in dorsal (184) and ventral (185) views under uniform UV Illumination (395 nm LED array). White arrows in Fig. 185 indicate areas on right lateral metasoma IV, V and telson with strong photobleaching. Scale bar: 10 mm. Figures 186–187. Histograms showing calculated distributions of fluorescence intensity for left lateral metasoma V and telson (186), and right lateral metasoma V and telson (187). Pixel intensities calculated from JPEG images by luminance grayscale conversion and inversion of the OECF of the camera (Canon EOS 5DsR). OECF estimated by 5th-order polynomial fit to relationship between gray values of 66 linear RAW converted vs. sRGB encoded images of a uniform test target illuminated by white light LED driven by variable current source. Figure 188. Distribution of measured fluorescence intensity (photodetector current) of medial sternite VI in Grosphus (cyan bars and symbols, n = 25, 5 spp.) and Teruelius (yellow bars and symbols, n = 39, 7 spp.). Inset image: Grosphus madagascariensis (♂) (left) and Teruelius ankarana (♂) (right) under UV light. Figure 189. Raw data of Fig. 188 plotted by species. Each symbol represents a measurement from one specimen. Horizontal lines indicate ranges of variation. Numbers on the right are coefficient of variation (CV). Cyan symbols: Grosphus; yellow symbols: Teruelius; green symbols: reference data from control batches of two buthids,
Figures 179–182 in Reanalysis of Teruelius and Grosphus (Scorpiones Buthidae with descriptions of two new species
Figures 179–182. Morphometrics of telson lateral profiles. Figure 179. Elliptic Fourier analysis (EFA) of lateral profiles. Upper panel: EFA curve fits to profiles of Grosphus hirtus, G. mandena, Teruelius ankarafantsika and T. annulatus by Fourier series with cumulative terms up to and including second (blue), fourth (green), eighth (red) and sixteenth (orange) order harmonics. Telson profiles oriented with dorsal surface horizontal, start point at anterior limit of vesicle, peduncle truncated, area normalized. Lower panel: Histogram plots of harmonic loadings of first two principal components, PC1 and PC2, obtained from PCA of 64 standardized Fourier coefficients from up to sixteenth order harmonic terms, accounting for 30.33% and 19.54% of variance, respectively (total variance 49.87%). Bars are heat map coded by loading values, harmonics with highest positive loadings labelled (red bars). Figure 180. Bivariate scatter plot of subspace of first two principal components rotated (PC1*, PC2*) to minimize variance of Teruelius spp. (yellow symbols) along vertical axis. Data from 117 telson profiles from Grosphus (n = 35, 14 spp.), Teruelius (n = 65, 21 spp.), Pseudolychas (n = 6, 3 spp.) and other outgroup taxa (n = 11, 4 spp.), both males and females. Upper inset: scree plot of eigenvalue vs. PC number. Lower inset: legend for symbol colors: Grosphus 'hirtus' group (= G. angulatus sp. n., G. hirtus, G. polskyi, G. tavaratra, G. voahangyae), blue; other Grosphus spp., cyan; Teruelius flavopiceus, orange; T. ankarana, magenta; T. grandidieri, red; other Teruelius spp., yellow; Pseudolychas spp., black; other outgroup taxa, gray. Figure 181. Bivariate scatter plot of mean values of PC2* vs. PC1* for male telson profiles of Grosphus (12 spp.), Teruelius (16 spp.), Pseudolychas (3 spp.) and other outgroup taxa (4 spp.). Figure 182. Bivariate scatter plot of mean values of PC2* vs. PC1* for female telson profiles of Grosphus (7 spp.), Teruelius (15 spp.), Pseudolychas (3 spp.) and other outgroup taxa (4 spp.). Profile silhouette examples shown for analyzed species in Figs. 181–182. Error bars in Fig. 182 are standard errors. Symbol colors in Figs. 181–182 as in legend of Fig. 180.
Figures 196–199 in Reanalysis of Teruelius and Grosphus (Scorpiones Buthidae with descriptions of two new species
Figures 196–199. Examples of MPTs retrieved by phylogenetic analyses of Grosphus and Teruelius, rooted by 4 different outgroup taxa: Charmus laneus (196), Karasbergia methueni (197), Lychas mucronatus (198) and Microcharmus variegatus (199). Weighting schemes and data matrices indicated above each tree (see Table 7). Numbers above nodes are jackknife by symmetric resampling supports, those below relative Bremer supports. Color coding of groups according to legend in Fig. 16.
Figures 224–231 in Reanalysis of Teruelius and Grosphus (Scorpiones Buthidae with descriptions of two new species
Figures 224–231. Hemispermatophores of the buthids Tityobuthus and Charmus. Figures 224–228. Left hemispermatophore of Tityobuthus monodi. Whole hemispermatophore (224) and distal region including capsule and flagellum (225–228) in convex (225), anterior (226), concave (227) and posterior (228) views. Figures 229–231. Left hemispermatophore of Charmus laneus. Whole hemispermatophore (229) and distal region including capsule and flagellum (230–231) in convex (229–230) and anterior (231) views. Scale bars: 200 μm (230–231), 500 μm (224, 225–228, 229).
Figures 150–164 in Reanalysis of Teruelius and Grosphus (Scorpiones Buthidae with descriptions of two new species
Figures 150–164. Granulation of ventrosubmedian carinae of metasomal segment I. Figures 150–157. Optical image analysis of carinal granulation in Grosphus hirtus, ♂ (150–153) and Teruelius mahafaliensis, ♂ (154–157). Granule patterns (white on black) resolved by binary thresholding of image gray level with maximum entropy algorithm (150, 154), carinae traced as piecewise linear paths following granules or ridges (151, 155, red lines, UV fluorescence), fluctuations in gray levels (8-bit) along traced carinae associated with granulation, normalized to total carinal length (152, 156), and power spectra of fluctuations after subtraction of mean gray level and linear trends (153, 157). Images resampled to 340 pixel width (bilinear down-sample, or cubic up-sample) and smoothed by Gaussian filter, radius 2 pixels (thresholding) or 1 pixel (spectral analysis). Scale bars: 400 μm (151, 155). Figure 158. Bivariate logarithmic scatter plot of integrated power of gray level fluctuations (spatial frequency range 10–26 granules/ carina) vs. mean length of granules along carinal axis resolved by binary thresholding for Grosphus (cyan symbols, n = 30, 8 spp.) and Teruelius (yellow, orange, magenta and red symbols, n = 44, 18 spp.). T. feti represented by juvenile holotype male. 'Granule' length = 1 if thresholded regions merge into single carina. Figures 159–164. Ventral views of metasomal segment I showing different carinal granulation in Grosphus vs. Teruelius. G. madagascariensis, ♂ (159), G. angulatus sp. n., ♀ (160), T. flavopiceus, ♀ (161), T. ankarana, ♀ (162), T. grandidieri, ♂ (163), and T. limbatus, ♀ (164). Reflected white light images. Scale bars: 2 mm.
Figures 130–149 in Reanalysis of Teruelius and Grosphus (Scorpiones Buthidae with descriptions of two new species
Figures 130–149. Ventral views of metasomal segment I showing variation in granulation and development of paired ventrosubmedian carinae in Teruelius. Labels and arrows as in Figs. 105–129. Reflected white light illumination: 130, 134, 137–138, 141, 146–149; UV fluorescence: 131–133, 135–136, 139–140, 142–145; resampled from published images: 130, 134, 141, 146, 148–149 (Lourenço & Wilmé, 2016; Lourenço et al., 2016; Lourenço, 2014; Lourenço & Wilmé, 2015b).
Figures 165–168. Metasoma and pedipalp characters. Figure 165 in Reanalysis of Teruelius and Grosphus (Scorpiones Buthidae with descriptions of two new species
Figures 165–168. Metasoma and pedipalp characters. Figure 165. Horizontal bar plot of mean ratio R = d(Eb2, Eb3)/ d(Eb1, Eb2), of inter123 trichobothrial distances on pedipalp chela manus (character 36) for Grosphus (n = 50, 7 spp.), Teruelius (n = 61, 13 spp.), Pseudolychas (n = 6, 3 spp.) and other outgroup taxa (n = 25, 8 spp.). Error bars are standard errors. Discretization threshold at step change in ranked ratio. Figure 166. Bivariate logarithmic scatter plot of positions of pedipalp fixed finger trichobothria db vs. est for Grosphus (n = 40, 13 spp.) and Teruelius (n = 57, 21 spp.). Distances of db and est to distal terminus of fixed finger normalized to corresponding distance of manus Et (inset diagrams). Figure 167. Horizontal logarithmic bar plot of mean ratio of distances of trichobothria db and est from tip of fixed finger (character 35). Data as in Fig. 166. Error bars are standard errors. Discretization threshold at step change in ranked ratio. Color codes of symbols in Fig. 166 and bars in Figs. 165, 167–168 as in Fig. 16 legend. Figure 168. Horizontal bar plot of mean ratio of metasoma I L/W in males (character 18) of Grosphus (n = 20, 12 spp.), Teruelius (n = 28, 18 spp.), Pseudolychas (n = 5, 2 spp.) and other outgroup taxa (n = 12, 9 spp.). Error bars are standard errors. Discretization thresholds at step changes in ranked ratio.
Figures 173–178 in Reanalysis of Teruelius and Grosphus (Scorpiones Buthidae with descriptions of two new species
Figures 173–178: Analysis of position of petite 'trichobothrium' d on pedipalp femur of Grosphus, Teruelius and Pseudolychas. Figures 2 173–174. Cartesian x-y coordinates for digitizing positions of d and dorsointernal carina in Grosphus madagascariensis (173) and Teruelius 2 olgae (174). Coordinates of d 2 are (d 2x, d 2y) indicated by cyan (173) or yellow (174) symbol. Positions of granules of dorsointernal carina indicated by black symbols. Granules fitted by B-spline (magenta curves) or parametric function (green curves). Ymax: asymptotic value of parametric function. Figure 175. Bivariate scatter plot of minimum distances, s, of d from parametric curve vs. d from B-spline curve (both 2 2 normalized against Y) for femora of Grosphus (n = 34, 14 spp.), Teruelius (n = 49, 20 spp.) and Pseudolychas (n = 3, 3 spp.). Gray diagonal max line: least squares regression for Grosphus and Teruelius data, R = 0.8131, P <0.0001. Symbol colors indicated in legend. Black arrows mark isolated outlier points. Figure 176. Bivariate scatter plot of means of minimum distances for species of Grosphus and Teruelius, summarizing data of Fig. 175. Error bars are standard errors. Gray diagonal line: least squares regression, R = 0.9700, P <0.0001. Figure 177. Bivariate scatter plot of normalized x-y coordinates of d 2 for data in Fig. 175. Abscissas normalized against femur length, L femur, ordinates against Y max. Figure 178. Bivariate scatter plot of means of normalized x-y coordinates for species of Grosphus and Teruelius, summarizing data of Fig. 177. Error bars are standard errors. Data extracted from images of specimens and published figures of femur in dorsal aspect showing granules and trichobothria, in which d 2 could be identified.
Figures 91–104 in Reanalysis of Teruelius and Grosphus (Scorpiones Buthidae with descriptions of two new species
Figures 91–104. Light reflection properties of sternites VII and VI. Figures 91–102. Spatial distribution of intensity at 45° reflection angles of laser beam with 45° incidence to normal on sternites VII (odd numbered figures) and VI (even numbered figures) from Grosphus madagascariensis ♂ (91–92), Grosphus angulatus sp. n. ♀ (93–94), Lychas mucronatus, ♀ (95–96), Teruelius limbatus, ♀ (97–98), Teruelius flavopiceus, ♀ (99–100), and Teruelius ankarana, ♀ (101–102). Illumination source: 650 nm laser diode (650MDLC-5-1235), 5 mW, focused to 40 μm diameter spot on medial areas of sternites. Imaging device: Canon EOS 7D Mark II digital camera with 100 mm f/2.8 macro lens focused on translucent white diffuser screen intercepting reflected beams. TIFF files generated by linear RAW conversion. Scale: largest circle in each bounding box subtends 0.1022 sr. Figure 103. Horizontal bar chart comparing mean radii of dispersion of reflected beams in Figs. 91–102. Means obtained from pixel-normalized radial density functions computed by ImageJ 1.52a Radial Profile plugin, normalized to mean radius of specular reflection off a silver front surface mirror. Inset: sternites VI and VII from T. ankarana, ♀. Figure 104. Horizontal bar chart comparing mean intensities of reflected beams shown in Figs. 91–102. Mean intensities computed for pixels within central circle subtending 0.0637 sr, expressed as percentage mean intensity of specular reflection off a silver front surface mirror.
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