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12,871 results for “aging;”
Ageing as early-life inertia: disentangling life-history trade-offs along a lifetime of an individual
<p>The theory that ageing evolves because of competitive resource allocation between the soma and the germline has been challenged by studies showing that somatic maintenance can be improved without impairing reproduction. However, it has been suggested that cost-free improvement in somatic maintenance is possible only under a narrow range of benign conditions. Here we show that experimental downregulation of insulin/IGF-1 signalling (IIS) in C. elegans nematodes, a robustly reproducible lifespan and healthspan-extending treatment, reduces fitness in a complex variable environment when initiated during development but does not reduce fitness when initiated in adulthood. Thus, our results show that the costs and benefits of reduced IIS can be uncoupled when organisms inhabit variable environments, and, therefore, do not provide support for the resource allocation theory. Our findings support the theory that the force of natural selection on gene expression in evolutionarily conserved signalling pathways that shape life-history traits declines after the onset of reproduction resulting in organismal senescence.</p>
The moisture plasticizing effect on enzyme-catalyzed reactions in model and real systems in view of legume ageing and their hard to cook development
<p>Data used for the figures in the article</p>
FIG. 4 in Age structure and growth in an isolated population of Pelodytes punctatus in northern Spain
FIG. 4. Growth in length body (SVL) of P. punctatus in Burgos, Spain. Mean and range are given at each age. Curves fitted to the Von Bertalanffy equation.
FIG. 1 in Age structure and growth in an isolated population of Pelodytes punctatus in northern Spain
FIG. 1. Cross-sections at the diaphysis of phalanges for P. punctatus in Burgos, Spain. (A) Male, 40.3 mm SVL, six LAGs; (B) female, 45.5 mm SVL, five LAGs. Arrows, LAGs; ml, metamorphosis line; eb, endosteal bone.
FIG. 3 in Age structure and growth in an isolated population of Pelodytes punctatus in northern Spain
FIG. 3. Snout–vent length distribution of P. punctatus in Burgos, Spain. Black bars, males; grey bars, females.
Age- and sex-dependent variation in relatedness corresponds to reproductive skew, territory inheritance and workload in cooperatively breeding cichlids
<p>Kin selection plays a major role in the evolution of cooperative systems. However, many social species exhibit complex within-group relatedness structures, where kin selection alone cannot explain the occurrence of cooperative behaviour. Understanding such social structures is crucial to elucidate the evolution and maintenance of multi-layered cooperative societies. In lamprologine cichlids, intragroup relatedness seems to correlate positively with reproductive skew, suggesting that in this clade dominants tend to provide reproductive concessions to unrelated subordinates to secure their participation in brood care. We investigate how patterns of within-group relatedness covary with direct and indirect fitness benefits of cooperation in a highly social vertebrate, the cooperatively breeding, polygynous lamprologine cichlid Neolamprologus savoryi. Behavioural and genetic data from 43 groups containing 578 individuals show that groups are socially and genetically structured into subgroups. About 17% of group members were unrelated immigrants, and average relatedness between breeders and brood care helpers declined with helper age due to group membership dynamics. Hence the relative importance of direct and indirect fitness benefits of cooperation depends on helper age. Our findings highlight how both direct and indirect fitness benefits of cooperation and group membership can select for cooperative behaviour in societies comprising complex social and relatedness structures.</p>
FIGURE 6. Chusquea guzmanii. A. Clumping bamboo, showing culms with different ages. B. Internode showing solid culm. C in Chusquea contrerasii and C. guzmanii (Poaceae, Bambusoideae, Bambuseae, Chusqueinae), two new endemic species from Jalisco, Mexico
FIGURE 6. Chusquea guzmanii. A. Clumping bamboo, showing culms with different ages. B. Internode showing solid culm. C. Internode showing hollow (fistulose) old culm. D. Culm fragment showing culm sheath and reflexed culm leaf blade (black arrow). E. Branch complement showing infravaginal branching development. F. Mid-culm showing branches and foliage leaves. G. Early development of synflorescence. H. Synflorescence showing spikeletes. Photos by Eduardo Ruiz-Sanchez.
Decline in telomere length with increasing age across non‐human vertebrates: a meta‐analysis
<p>The prediction that telomere length (TL) shortens with increasing age is a major element in considering the role of telomeres as a key player in evolution. While telomere attrition is found in humans both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>, the increasing number of studies reporting diverse age-specific patterns of TL challenges the hypothesis of a universal decline of TL with increasing age. Here we performed a meta-analysis to estimate the relationship between TL and age across 175 estimates encompassing 98 species of vertebrates. We found that, on average, TL does decline with increasing age during adulthood. However, this decline was weak and variable across vertebrate classes, and we also found evidence for a publication bias that might weaken our current evidence of decreasing TL with increasing age. We found no evidence for a faster decline in TL with increasing age when considering the juvenile stage (from birth to age at first reproduction) compared to the adult stage. Heterogeneity in TL ageing rates was explained by the method used to measure telomeres: detectable TL declines with increasing age were found only among studies using TRF with in-gel hybridisation and qFISH methods, but not in studies using qPCR and Southern blot-based TRF methods. While we confirmed that TL declines with increasing age in most adult vertebrates, our results identify an influence of telomere measurement methodology, which highlights the need to examine more thoroughly the effect of the method of measurement on TL estimates.</p>
Text-fig. 12. Ranges of the length of the dp4 based on data from the literature. Vertical scale in Ma, the samples are from the Siwaliks (black) and Turkey, Greece and Arabia (red). Type localities of species are indicated with an asterisk. The Y and Z sites are from Baskin (1996), its size ranges are composed of data from several localities and the vertical arrowed broken line indicates the age range of these sites. in An Exceptional Large Sample Of The Early Miocene Ctenodactyline Rodent Sayimys Giganteus, Specific Variation And Taxonomic Implications
Text-fig. 12. Ranges of the length of the dp4 based on data from the literature. Vertical scale in Ma, the samples are from the Siwaliks (black) and Turkey, Greece and Arabia (red). Type localities of species are indicated with an asterisk. The Y and Z sites are from Baskin (1996), its size ranges are composed of data from several localities and the vertical arrowed broken line indicates the age range of these sites.
Following the Lithium: Tracing Li-bearing Molecules across Age, Mass, and Gravity in Brown Dwarfs
<p>Lithium is an important element for the understanding of ultracool dwarfs because it is lost to fusion at masses above ∼68MJ. Hence, the presence of atomic Li has served as an indicator of the nearby H-burning boundary at about 75MJ between brown dwarfs and very low mass stars. Historically, the “lithium test,” a search for the presence of the Li line at 670.8 nm, has been a marker if an object has a substellar mass. While the Li test could, in principle, be used to distinguish masses of later-type L–T dwarfs, Li is predominantly no longer found as an atomic gas but rather a molecular species such as LiH, LiF, LiOH, and LiCl in cooler atmospheres. The L- and T-type dwarfs are quite faint at 670 nm and thus challenging targets for high-resolution spectroscopy. But only recently have experimental molecular line lists become available for the molecular Li species, allowing molecular Li mass discrimination. Here we generated the latest opacity of these Li-bearing molecules and performed a thermochemical equilibrium atmospheric composition calculation of their abundances. Finally, we computed thermal emission spectra for a series of radiative–convective equilibrium models of cloudy and cloudless brown dwarf atmospheres (with Teff = 500–2400 K and log g = 4.0–5.0) to understand where the presence of atmospheric lithium-bearing species is most easily detected as a function of brown dwarf mass and age. After atomic Li, the best spectral signatures were found to be LiF at 10.5–12.5 μm and LiCl at 14.5–18.5 μm. Also, LiH shows a narrow feature at ∼9.38 μm.</p>
Age at weaning in Steller sea lions
<p>The duration of offspring care is critical to female fitness and population resilience by allowing flexibility in life history strategies in a variable environment. Yet, for many mammals capable of extended periods of maternal care, estimates of the duration of offspring dependency are not available and the relative importance of flexibility of this trait on fitness and population viability has rarely been examined. We used data from 4,447 Steller sea lions <i>Eumetopias jubatus</i> from the Gulf of Alaska and multistate hidden Markov mark-recapture models to estimate age-specific weaning probabilities. Maternal care beyond age 1 was common: weaning was later for animals from Southeast Alaska (SEAK) and Prince William Sound (PWS, weaning probabilities: 0.538–0.648 / 0.784–0.873 by age 1 / 2) compared to animals born to the west (0.714–0.855 / 0.798–0.938). SEAK/PWS animals were also smaller than those born farther west, suggesting a possible link. Females weaned slightly earlier (+0.080 at age 1 and 2) compared with males in SEAK only. Poor survival for weaned versus unweaned yearlings occurred in southern SEAK (female survival probabilities: 0.609 versus 0.792) and the central Gulf (0.667 versus 0.901), suggesting poor conditions for juveniles in these areas. First-year survival increased with neonatal body mass (NBM) linearly in the Gulf and non-linearly in SEAK. The probability of weaning at age 1 increased linearly with NBM for SEAK animals only. Rookeries where juveniles weaned at earlier ages had lower adult female survival, but age at weaning was unrelated to population trends. Our results suggest the time to weaning may be optimized for different habitats based on long-term average conditions (e.g., prey dynamics), that may also shape body size, with limited short-term plasticity. An apparent trade-off of adult survival in favor of juvenile survival and large offspring size in the endangered Gulf of Alaska population requires further study.</p>
Disentangling the effects of male age and mating history: contrasting effects of mating history on pre-copulatory mating behaviour and paternity success
<p>Many studies ask whether older males are better at acquiring mates. Even so, how age affects reproductive success is still poorly understood because male age and mating history are confounded in most studies: older males usually have more mating experience. To what extent does mating history rather than age explain variation in male mating success? And how do mating history and male age determine paternity when there is also post-copulatory sexual selection? Here we experimentally manipulated the mating history of old and young males in the eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki). We then recorded male mating behaviour and share of paternity (1259 offspring from 232 potential sires) when they competed for mates and fertilizations. Old males, and males with no mating experience, spent significantly more time approaching females, and attempting to mate, than did young males and those with greater mating experience. Male age and mating history interacted to affect paternity: old males benefited from having previous mating experience, but young males did not. Our results highlight that the age-related changes in male reproductive traits and in paternity that have been described in many taxa, may be partly attributable to male mating history and not simply to age itself.</p>
Is the age of plant communities predicted by the age, stability and soil composition of the underlying landscapes? An investigation of OCBILs
<p></p><p>Old, climatically buffered, infertile landscapes (OCBILs) have been hypothesized to harbour an elevated number of persistent plant lineages and are predicted to occur across different parts of the globe, interspersed with other types of landscapes. We tested whether the mean age of a plant community is associated with occurrence on OCBILs, as predicted by climatic stability and poor soil environments. Using digitized occurrence data for seed plants occurring in Australia (7033 species), sub-Saharan Africa (3990 species) and South America (44 482 species), regions that comprise commonly investigated OCBILs (Southwestern Australian Floristic Region, Greater Cape Floristic Region and campos rupestres), and phylogenies pruned to match the species occurrences, we tested for associations between environmental data (current climate, soil composition, elevation and climatic stability) and two novel metrics developed here that capture the age of a community (mean tip length and mean node height). Our results indicate that plant community ages are influenced by a combination of multiple environmental predictors that vary globally; we did not find statistically strong associations between the environments of OCBIL areas and community age, in contrast to the prediction for these landscapes. The Cape Floristic Region was the only OCBIL that showed a significant, although not strong, overlap with old communities.</p><p></p>
Age-specific fecundity under pathogenic threat in an insect: terminal investment versus reproductive restraint
<p>The terminal investment hypothesis predicts that as an organism's prospects for survival decrease, through age or when exposed to a pathogenic infection, it will invest more in reproduction, which should trade-off against somatic maintenance (including immunity) and therefore future survival. Attempts to test this hypothesis have produced mixed results, which, in addition, mainly rely on the assessment of changes in reproductive effort and often overlooking its impact on somatic defences and survival. Alternatively, animals may restrain current reproduction to sustain somatic protection, increasing the chance of surviving for additional reproductive opportunities. We tested both of these hypotheses in females of the yellow mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor, an iteroparous insect with reproductive tactics similar to that of long-lived organisms. To achieve this, we mimicked pathogenic bacterial infections early or late in the life of breeding females by injecting them with a suspension of inactivated Bacillus cereus, a known natural pathogen of T. molitor, and measured female age-specific fecundity, survival, body mass and immunity. Inconsistent with a terminal investment, females given either an early or late-life immune challenge did not exhibit reduced survival or enhance their reproductive output. Female fecundity declined with age and was reduced by the early but not the late immune challenge. Both early and late-life fecundity correlated positively with life expectancy. Finally, young and old females exhibited similar antibacterial immune responses, suggesting that they both restrained reproduction to sustain immunity. Our results clearly demonstrate that age-specific reproduction of T. molitor females under pathogenic threat is inconsistent with a terminal investment. In contrast, our results instead suggest that females used a reproductive restraint strategy to sustain immunity and therefore subsequent reproductive opportunities. However, as infections were mimicked only, the fitness benefit of this reproductive restraint could not be shown.</p>
The lncRNA TUG1 regulates Smac/DIABLO expression by competitively inhibiting miR-29b and modulates the apoptosis of lens epithelial cells in age-related cataracts
<p>As one of the first discovered lncRNAs, TUG1 has been reported to be widely expressed in a variety of tumours. It promotes cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and migration. However, our understanding of its importance in cataracts is limited. This study aims to explore the mechanism by which TUG1 mediates the apoptosis of lens epithelial cells by regulating the miR-29b/Smac axis in age-related cataracts and to identify more strategies for the nonsurgical treatment of cataracts. In this experiment we found TUG1 and Smac were expressed at high levels in age-related cataract (ARC) samples and HLEB3 cells treated with H2O2, while miR-29b expression was decreased. In vitro cell-based experiments confirmed that the downregulation of TUG1 inhibits lens epithelial cell apoptosis. Mechanistically, Smac expression is negatively regulated by miR-29b. TUG1 competitively inhibits miR-29b expression and causes the release of more Smac. In addition, miR-29b reverses the effect of TUG1 on HLE-B3 cells. In conclusion, lncRNATUG1 increases Smac expression by competitively inhibiting miR-29b and promoting the apoptosis of lens epithelial cells in age-related cataracts. This mechanism is the cytological basis of ARC formation. Based on these results, the TUG1-miR29b-Smac axis may be a new molecular pathway to regulate the development of age-related cataracts.</p>
Supplementary tables in article entitled "Global, regional, and national trends in disability adjusted life years of musculoskeletal disorders in different sexes and ages, 1990-2019"
<p>Table S1. The DALYs and ASDR of musculoskeletal disorders in 1990 and 2019 at national level, by sex and age group.</p> <p>Table S3. The DALYs and ASDR of musculoskeletal disorders in 1990 and 2019 at global and regional level, by sex, age group and cause.</p> <p>Table S4. The DALYs and ASDR of musculoskeletal disorders in 1990 and 2019 at national level, by sex, age group and cause.</p>
Processed Data for Cell type-specific aging clocks to quantify aging and rejuvenation in regenerative regions of the brain
<p>Seurat objects for data accompanying the publication "Cell type-specific aging clocks to quantify aging and rejuvenation in regenerative regions of the brain".</p> <p>Preprint available at <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.01.10.475747">https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.01.10.475747</a></p> <ul> <li>multi_intergrated_seurat_Dec2020.rds is the data from the SVZ of the cohort of 28 mice across different ages</li> <li>pb_combined.rds is the data from the SVZ of both heterochronic parabiosis mouse cohorts</li> <li>Dulken_svz_celltypes_2019-01-31.rda is the data associated with <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1362-5">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1362-5</a></li> </ul> <p> </p>
FIGURE 2 in Palaeozoic insects from China with discussion on their ages
FIGURE 2. The distribution of the Palaeozoic fossil localities in China and the Chronostratigraphic chart with the projection of the localities. 1, Longquanwu Community; 2, Seshufen Village; 3, Kaiping Basin; 4, Yangquan City; 5, Xishan; 6, Xiaheyan Village; 7, Shangheyan Village; 8, Gancaoshan; 9, Renmazhuang Village; 10, Modigou; 11, Cao Village; 12, Weibei Coal Mine; 13, Dayugou Coal Mine; 14, Fangshan; 15, Benniu Town; 16, Yinping; 17, Tongling City; 18, Mazongling; 19, Qingyun Village; 20, Yinchanggou Coal Mine. Without the Wulasu Valley projected on the map because of its uncertain location. The orange dots on the map meaning the localities assigned to the Permian, blue dots meaning Carboniferous, hollow circles meaning Permian– Carboniferous.
Age dependent incidence rates (2)
<p>Figure 4 shows the sex-specific logarithmic incidence depending on age (50 to 90 years) for the period from 2011 to 2019. Across all evaluated years we found both, an age-dependent, exponential increase in the incidence rates for both sexes and a distinct increase in incidences in the young age groups of women (about tenfold increase in incidences up to 2019) . Up to the age of about 70 years, men show a higher incidence rate for long-term care than women in 2011. For people older than 70 years, the ratio changes, with a higher incidence of needing long-term care for women than for men. This point of intersection of the incidence rates was evident in all plots of the time course (table 2). We see a left shift, to younger age groups, between 2011 and 2019 and from this age (intersection point) onwards the incidence for women exceeds that of men. In addition to that, the incidence in the scenario with higher mortality rate ratios (scenario 1) is always above the curve from the scenario with lower mortality rate ratios (scenario 2). We also see that the gap between the incidences increases with age.</p>
Age dependent incidence rates (1)
<p>Figure 3 shows an increasing incidence rate dependent on age. Additionally we see increasing incidence rates from 2011 to 2019, with bigger steps between the incidences in younger age groups.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.