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Figure 10 from: Baptista RLC, Castanheira PS, Oliveira GA, Prado AW (2020) Descriptions of three new species of jumping-spiders, genus Arnoliseus (Araneae, Salticidae), from Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, with comments on their genital morphology and a key to species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(1): 73-90. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.46509

Figure 10 Arnoliseus falcatus sp. nov., female paratype (UFRJ 1588). A. Dorsal habitus; B. Ventral habitus; C. Lateral habitus; D. Frontal habitus; E. Epigyne, ventral view; F. Internal genitalia, dorsal view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A–D); 0.1 mm (E, F).

Figure 2 from: Baptista RLC, Castanheira PS, Oliveira GA, Prado AW (2020) Descriptions of three new species of jumping-spiders, genus Arnoliseus (Araneae, Salticidae), from Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, with comments on their genital morphology and a key to species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(1): 73-90. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.46509

Figure 2 Arnoliseus carioca sp. nov., female paratypes. A. Dorsal habitus (UFRJ 1583); B. Ventral habitus (UFRJ 1583); C. Lateral habitus (UFRJ 1583); D. Frontal habitus (UFRJ 1583); E. Epigyne, ventral view (UFRJ 1583); F. Internal genitalia, dorsal view (UFRJ 1581). Scale bars: 2 mm (A–C); 1 mm (D); 0.1 mm (E); 0.2 mm (F).

Figure 1 from: Baptista RLC, Castanheira PS, Oliveira GA, Prado AW (2020) Descriptions of three new species of jumping-spiders, genus Arnoliseus (Araneae, Salticidae), from Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, with comments on their genital morphology and a key to species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(1): 73-90. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.46509

Figure 1 Arnoliseus carioca sp. nov., male holotype (MNRJ 60024). A. Dorsal habitus; B. Ventral habitus; C. Lateral habitus; D. Frontal habitus; E–G. Left palp: E. Prolateral view; F. Ventral view; G. Retrolateral view, exposing the RTA. Scale bars: 2 mm (A–C); 1 mm (D); 0.2 mm (E–G). Arrow points to RTA hook.

Figure 11 from: Baptista RLC, Castanheira PS, Oliveira GA, Prado AW (2020) Descriptions of three new species of jumping-spiders, genus Arnoliseus (Araneae, Salticidae), from Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, with comments on their genital morphology and a key to species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(1): 73-90. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.46509

Figure 11 Schematic illustrations of female internal genitalia, dorsal view. A.Arnoliseus carioca sp. nov. B.Arnoliseus hastatus sp. nov. C.Arnoliseus falcatus sp. nov. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A–C). Arrows illustrate the flow direction in internal ducts.

Figure 9 from: Baptista RLC, Castanheira PS, Oliveira GA, Prado AW (2020) Descriptions of three new species of jumping-spiders, genus Arnoliseus (Araneae, Salticidae), from Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, with comments on their genital morphology and a key to species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(1): 73-90. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.46509

Figure 9 Arnoliseus falcatus sp. nov., male holotype left chelicera, exposing the apophysis (MNRJ 60027). A. Ectal view; B. Ventral view; C. Mesal view; D. Distal view. White arrow points to the tip of the knob.

Figure 4 from: Baptista RLC, Castanheira PS, Oliveira GA, Prado AW (2020) Descriptions of three new species of jumping-spiders, genus Arnoliseus (Araneae, Salticidae), from Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, with comments on their genital morphology and a key to species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(1): 73-90. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.46509

Figure 4 Arnoliseus hastatus sp. nov., male holotype (MNRJ 60027). A. Dorsal habitus. B. Ventral habitus; C. Lateral habitus; D. Frontal habitus; E–G. Left palp: E. Prolateral view; F. Ventral view; G. Retrolateral view, exposing the RTA. Scale bars: 2 mm (A–C); 1 mm (D); 0.2 mm (E–G). Arrow points to RTA hook.

Figure 7 from: Baptista RLC, Castanheira PS, Oliveira GA, Prado AW (2020) Descriptions of three new species of jumping-spiders, genus Arnoliseus (Araneae, Salticidae), from Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, with comments on their genital morphology and a key to species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(1): 73-90. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.46509

Figure 7 Arnoliseus hastatus sp. nov. A. Male holotype left chelicera, ventral view exposing the apophysis (MNRJ 60027). B–F.SEM images: B. Left male palp, ventral view (UFRJ 1585); C. Left male palp, retrolateral view (UFRJ 1585); D. left male palp, embolus detail (UFRJ 1585); E. Left male palp, RTA detail (UFRJ 1585); F. Female internal genitalia, dorsal view (UFRJ 1586). Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A); 0.1 mm (B, C, F); 0.02 mm (D); 0.05 mm (E). White arrow points to the embolus pore. Black arrow points to RTA hook.

Figure 5 from: Ruan Y, Konstantinov AS, Shi G, Tao Y, Li Y, Johnson AJ, Luo X, Zhang X, Zhang M, Wu J, Li W, Ge S, Yang X (2020) The jumping mechanism of flea beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Alticini), its application to bionics and preliminary design for a robotic jumping leg. ZooKeys 915: 87-105. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.915.38348

Figure 5 The dynamics of the catapult mechanism of the flea beetle hind leg powered by the elastic plate (Asiophrida xanthospilota, micro-CT 3D reconstructions from four different phases of the jumping leg). (F1 indicates the force generated by tibial extensor muscles responsible for extension of the tibia; F2 indicates the force responsible for flexion of the tibia which is indirectly generated by tibial flexor muscles). A–D 3D reconstructions of four hind legs through each of the four phases of the jump, indicating variable d1 (moment arm of F1) and d2 (moment arm of F2). d1 is at its minimal length at the start of the hind leg extension and at its maximal length during the middle; by contrast, d2 is at its maximal length at the start of the hind leg extension and at its minimal at the end A phase I B phase II C phase III D phase IV E the positive feedback mechanism in the take-off process. F2 comprises F21, which is the constrained force generated by the elastic plate, and F22, which is generated by the tibial flexor muscle F the triangular plate – elastic plate complex (lateral view) G the triangular plate – elastic plate complex (dorsal view) H the elastic plate (dorsal view, under light microscope, dark-field microscopy) I the triangular plate (dorsal view, under light microscope, dark-field microscopy). Abbreviations: epl: elastic plate; tli-2: secondary tibial ligament; tpl: triangular plate; ten: tendon of tibial flexor.

Supplementary material 1 from: Ruan Y, Konstantinov AS, Shi G, Tao Y, Li Y, Johnson AJ, Luo X, Zhang X, Zhang M, Wu J, Li W, Ge S, Yang X (2020) The jumping mechanism of flea beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Alticini), its application to bionics and preliminary design for a robotic jumping leg. ZooKeys 915: 87-105. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.915.38348

: Data type: multimedia

Figure 4 from: Ruan Y, Konstantinov AS, Shi G, Tao Y, Li Y, Johnson AJ, Luo X, Zhang X, Zhang M, Wu J, Li W, Ge S, Yang X (2020) The jumping mechanism of flea beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Alticini), its application to bionics and preliminary design for a robotic jumping leg. ZooKeys 915: 87-105. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.915.38348

Figure 4 Take-off strategy of flea beetles (Asiophrida xanthospilota is shown in the photos at the top of the figure). Acceleration data were calculated based on three typical jumps recorded by a high-speed camera. The three different species were chosen to represent flea beetles with different sizes A Phase I (Crunching): tibial flexor muscles contract, causing flexion of the tibia B Phase II (Co-contraction): tibial extensor muscles and tibial flexor muscles contract simultaneously, catching the triangular plate and hindering the extension of the tibia C Phase III (Triggering and Acceleration), the triangular plate is dislodged, causing the explosive release of energy D Phase IV (Relaxation), the flea beetle is catapulted into the air and the muscles begin to relax.

Figure 1 from: Ruan Y, Konstantinov AS, Shi G, Tao Y, Li Y, Johnson AJ, Luo X, Zhang X, Zhang M, Wu J, Li W, Ge S, Yang X (2020) The jumping mechanism of flea beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Alticini), its application to bionics and preliminary design for a robotic jumping leg. ZooKeys 915: 87-105. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.915.38348

Figure 1 Jumping apparatus in the flea beetle hind leg. A a model of a generic flea beetle (lateral view), indicating the enlarged hind leg B hind leg of Trachytetra obscura under a light microscope (dark-field microscopy) C–H X-ray computer tomography-based 3D reconstructions of the hind leg of the flea beetle Asiophrida xanthospilotaC lateral view of the hind leg and internal structures D dorsal view of the hind leg E lateral view of the hind leg (view from an opposite direction of inset C) F lateral view of the metafemoral spring G ventral view of the metafemoral spring H femorotibial joint. Abbreviations: epl: elastic plate; piv: tibial pivot of femorotibial joint; tli-1: primary tibial ligament; tli-2: secondary tibial ligament; tpl: Lever's triangular plate.

Supplementary material 4 from: Ruan Y, Konstantinov AS, Shi G, Tao Y, Li Y, Johnson AJ, Luo X, Zhang X, Zhang M, Wu J, Li W, Ge S, Yang X (2020) The jumping mechanism of flea beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Alticini), its application to bionics and preliminary design for a robotic jumping leg. ZooKeys 915: 87-105. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.915.38348

: Data type: multimedia

Figure 3 from: Ruan Y, Konstantinov AS, Shi G, Tao Y, Li Y, Johnson AJ, Luo X, Zhang X, Zhang M, Wu J, Li W, Ge S, Yang X (2020) The jumping mechanism of flea beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Alticini), its application to bionics and preliminary design for a robotic jumping leg. ZooKeys 915: 87-105. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.915.38348

Figure 3 Variation in the metafemoral spring of different flea beetle species (3D reconstructions). A hind femur of Altica cirsicolaB hind femur of Podontia luteaC hind femur of Psylliodes sp. D hind femur of Nonarthra sp. E hind femur of Clavicornaltica sp. F hind femur of Hespera lomasa. Scale bar: 0.2 mm.

Figure 2 from: Ruan Y, Konstantinov AS, Shi G, Tao Y, Li Y, Johnson AJ, Luo X, Zhang X, Zhang M, Wu J, Li W, Ge S, Yang X (2020) The jumping mechanism of flea beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Alticini), its application to bionics and preliminary design for a robotic jumping leg. ZooKeys 915: 87-105. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.915.38348

Figure 2 Internal structures of the hind leg of Altica cirsicola. A the flea beetle Altica sp. on foliage B–F X-ray computer tomography 3D reconstructions of the hind leg of A. cirsicolaB lateral view of the left hind leg C lateral view of the metafemoral spring D distal view of the metafemoral spring E distal view of the metafemoral spring and tibial extensors F features of the femorotibial joint. Abbreviations: cox: coxa; exa: extended arm of the metafemoral spring; epl: elastic plate; fem: femur; msp: metafemoral spring; ner: nerve; piv: tibial pivot of the femorotibial joint; rfl: recurve flange of the metafemoral spring; tar: tarsi; tex-1: primary tibial extensor; tex-2: secondary tibial extensor; tfl: tibial flexor; tib: tibia; tli-1: primary tibial ligament; tli-2: secondary tibial ligament; tpl: Lever's triangular plate; tra: trachea; tro: trochanter.

Supplementary material 2 from: Ruan Y, Konstantinov AS, Shi G, Tao Y, Li Y, Johnson AJ, Luo X, Zhang X, Zhang M, Wu J, Li W, Ge S, Yang X (2020) The jumping mechanism of flea beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Alticini), its application to bionics and preliminary design for a robotic jumping leg. ZooKeys 915: 87-105. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.915.38348

: Data type: multimedia

Supplementary material 3 from: Ruan Y, Konstantinov AS, Shi G, Tao Y, Li Y, Johnson AJ, Luo X, Zhang X, Zhang M, Wu J, Li W, Ge S, Yang X (2020) The jumping mechanism of flea beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Alticini), its application to bionics and preliminary design for a robotic jumping leg. ZooKeys 915: 87-105. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.915.38348

: Data type: multimedia

Figure 6 from: Ruan Y, Konstantinov AS, Shi G, Tao Y, Li Y, Johnson AJ, Luo X, Zhang X, Zhang M, Wu J, Li W, Ge S, Yang X (2020) The jumping mechanism of flea beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Alticini), its application to bionics and preliminary design for a robotic jumping leg. ZooKeys 915: 87-105. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.915.38348

Figure 6 Bionic design of a jumping limb inspired by the flea beetle leg. A preparation position for jumping B building up elastic strain energy C triggering the jump D acceleration. The required energy for a jump is provided by two 'motors' operating simultaneously and generating the forces F1 and F2, respectively. At the beginning (inset B), F1 > F2, the 'tibia' rotates clockwise, but the 'trigger' blocks the process and leads to the stretching of 'volute spring'. Thus, the work generated by the 'motors' is stored in the 'volute spring'. At a certain stage (inset C), when the 'trigger' can no longer constrain the huge tension built up inside the femur, the 'latch element' dislodges suddenly from the 'trigger' and the huge amount of energy stored in the 'volute spring' is released. This leads to the explosive clockwise movement of the tibia. The leg thereby propels the robot into the air in an explosive manner. The leg can be switched to regular walking mode as required by operating only one 'motor' (one to flex the leg and the another to extend it) at a time.

Figs 168–181 in Manzuma gen. nov., a new aelurilline genus of jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae)

Figs 168–181. Manzuma petroae gen. et sp. nov., paratypes, ♂♂ from Roodeport (168, 170–172, 174, ISEA 001.7212) and Tuinplaas (169, 173, 175–177, NCA 2016/382), paratype, ♀ from Ithala GR (178– 181, NCA 2019/712), general appearance. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figs 154–160 in Manzuma gen. nov., a new aelurilline genus of jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae)

Figs 154–160. Manzuma petroae gen. et sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (154–155) and paratype, ♂ from Tuinplaas (NCA 2016/382) (156–160). 154–155. Male palp. 154. Ventral view. 155. Retrolateral view. 156–160. Embolic division. 156. Dorsal view. 157. Retrolatero-apical view. 158. Retrolateral view. 159. Prolateral view. 160. Ventral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Figs 117–130 in Manzuma gen. nov., a new aelurilline genus of jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae)

Figs 117–130. Manzuma lympha (Próchniewicz & Heçiak, 1994) gen. et comb. nov., holotype (117, 121), paratype (118, 123–124), ♂ from Masai Mara (SMF 69776) (119–120, 122, 125–126) and ♀ from type locality (127–130), general appearance. Scale bars: 1 mm.