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Figures 45–52. Tibial spurs and tarsal setation. Figures 45–46 in Reanalysis of Teruelius and Grosphus (Scorpiones Buthidae with descriptions of two new species
Figures 45–52. Tibial spurs and tarsal setation. Figures 45–46. Tibial and tarsal segments of leg III (45) and leg IV (46) of Grosphus madagascariensis in retrolateral view. Figures 47–48. Tibial and tarsal segments of leg III (47) and leg IV (48) of Teruelius limbatus in retrolateral view. Abbreviations: Tb, tibia; Bt, basitarsus (tarsomere I); Tt, telotarsus (tarsomere II); ts, tibial spur; vs, ventral setae of telotarsus. Figures 49–50. Horizontal bar plots of the mean ratio of tibial spur L/ tibia distal D for leg III (49) and leg IV (50) (characters 10 and 11, respectively) of Grosphus (n = 34, 9 spp.), Teruelius (n = 66, 21 spp.), Pseudolychas (n = 2, 2 spp.) and other outgroup taxa (n = 15, 8 spp.). Data from both sexes pooled. Error bars are standard errors. Discretization thresholds shown at step changes in ranked length. Color codes of bars as indicated in Fig. 16 legend. Figures 51–52. Ventral telotarsal setation. Figure 51. Logarithmic distribution of number of macrosetae on ventral telotarsus III (character 12) in Grosphus (cyan bars and symbols, n = 36, 8 spp.) and Teruelius (yellow bars and symbols, n = 12, 10 spp.). Macrosetal counts on abscissa plotted on logarithmic scale. Insets: UV fluorescence photomicrographs and maps of macroseta sockets (red dots) of ventral telotarsus III in Grosphus simoni (left) and Teruelius flavopiceus (right). Figure 52. Horizontal bar plot of ratios of mean blue channel intensities of dorsal vs. ventral regions-of-interest (ROI) (white boxes) in telotarsal images of Grosphus (cyan bars) and Teruelius (yellow bars). Insets: control images (*) of T. haeckeli sp. n. (a, leg III) and G. madagascariensis (c, leg III), original (upper) and resampled (lower); test images of T. sabineae (b, leg IV) and G. ambre (d, leg IV) (resampled from: Lourenço & Wilmé, 2016; Lourenço et al., 2018). Error bars: standard deviations of ROI pixels.
Figures 215–223 in Reanalysis of Teruelius and Grosphus (Scorpiones Buthidae with descriptions of two new species
Figures 215–223. Hemispermatophores of Microcharmus and the buthids Thaicharmus and Buthoscorpio. Figures 215–218. Right hemispermatophore of paratype male of Microcharmus variegatus. Distal region including capsule and flagellum (215–216), and whole hemispermatophore (217–218) in anterior (215, 217) and convex (216, 218) views. Figures 219–221. Left hemispermatophore of Thaicharmus sp. (shown as mirror image for comparison). Distal region including capsule and flagellum (219–220), and whole hemispermatophore (221) in anterior (219) and convex (220–221) views. Figures 222–223. Left hemispermatophore of Buthoscorpio sarasinorum, distal region including capsule and flagellum in posterior (222) and convex (223) views. Scale bars: 200 μm (215–216), 400 μm (219–220, 222–223), 500 μm (217–218), 1 mm (221).
Figure 183 in Reanalysis of Teruelius and Grosphus (Scorpiones Buthidae with descriptions of two new species
Figure 183. Morphometrics of telson lateral profiles. Trivariate scatter plot of first three unrotated principal components (PC1, PC2, PC3) of harmonics extracted by Elliptic Fourier analysis (Fig. 179), rendered as a 3D cross stereoscopic pair. Symbol colors as in legend of Fig. 180.
Figures 169–172 in Reanalysis of Teruelius and Grosphus (Scorpiones Buthidae with descriptions of two new species
Figures 169–172. Pedipalp chela internal views of G. hirtus (169), T. ankarafantsika (170), T. ankarana (171) and T. olgae (172) showing differences in density of setation and granulation on manus (characters 37– 38). Scale bars: 2 mm. UV fluorescence.
Figure 280 in Reanalysis of Teruelius and Grosphus (Scorpiones Buthidae with descriptions of two new species
Figure 280. Example MPT of buthids and Microcharmus variegatus retrieved by analysis of 35 discrete morphological characters (Tables 10–11), rooted by outgroup Pseudochactas ovchinnikovi, under implied weights with concavity constant k = 6 and character 5 prior weight = 2, other character prior weights = 1. Boxes indicate unambiguous synapomorphies, filled boxes unique (derived once with reversals allowed), and open boxes homoplasious (derived more than once) synapomorphies. Numbers above boxes are character identifiers, those below boxes derived character states. Numbers above nodes are jackknife by symmetric resampling supports, those below relative Bremer supports. Vertical gray bars mark four major buthid clades resolved by previous trichobothrial and DNA analyses (Fet et al., 2005; Štundlová et al. 2022).
Figures 275–279 in Reanalysis of Teruelius and Grosphus (Scorpiones Buthidae with descriptions of two new species
Figures 275–279. Examples of MPTs of buthids and Microcharmus variegatus retrieved by analysis of 35 discrete morphological characters (Tables 10–11), rooted by outgroup Pseudochactas ovchinnikovi, under equal weights (strict consensus of 20 MPTs of equal length) (275), implied weights with concavity constant k = 10 (276), prior weights with character 5 weight = 2, other character weights = 1 (strict consensus of 112 MPTs of equal length) (277), and implied weights with character 5 prior weight = 2, other character prior weights = 1, and with concavity constants k = 1 (278) and k = 10 (279). Numbers above nodes are jackknife by symmetric resampling supports, those below relative Bremer supports.
Figures 190–195 in Reanalysis of Teruelius and Grosphus (Scorpiones Buthidae with descriptions of two new species
Figures 190–195. Phylogenetic analysis of Teruelius. Figure 190. Relationships of exemplar species of Grosphus, Teruelius and outgroup genera Charmus, Karasbergia, Lychas, Parabuthus and Uroplectes. Strict consensus of two trees inferred from buthid molecular phylogenies of Štundlová et al. (2022) reconstructed by Bayesian inference (BEAST) and maximum likelihood (ML) analyses of multilocus DNA sequence data. Supports in original trees are indicated below and above corresponding nodes, respectively. Figure 191. Horizontal bar plot showing mean GC supports from jackknife by symmetric resampling for the recovery of Teruelius as a monophyletic group, obtained from analyses with 11 different outgroup taxa and two backbone contstraints. Means calculated over 5 weighting schemes. Error bars are standard errors. Figure 192. Bivariate scatter plot of relative Bremer support vs. symmetric resampling support for the recovery of Grosphus as a monophyletic group, with 11 different outgroup taxa, two backbone contstraints and 5 weighting schemes. Dark line: least squares linear regression (R = 0.4367, P <0.0001). Figure 193. Bivariate scatter plot of relative Bremer support vs. symmetric resampling support for recovery of Teruelius as a monophyletic group, with the same variables as in Fig. 192. Dark line: least squares linear regression (R = 0.3678, P <0.0001). Vertical gray lines: node support thresholds of 50% (191–193). Figures 194–195. Mean support from symmetric resampling (194) and relative Bremer support (195) for recovery of Teruelius as a monophyletic group under different weighting schemes (PW, IW k = 3, 6, 10, 30). Means calculated over 11 outgroup taxa and two backbone contstraints. Error bars are standard errors. Horizontal gray lines: node support thresholds of 50% (194) and 25% (195). Symbol and bar colors (191–194): blue, discrete characters; green, continuous + discrete characters.
Figures 247–264 in Reanalysis of Teruelius and Grosphus (Scorpiones Buthidae with descriptions of two new species
Figures 247–264. Examples of intraspecific variation in pectine morphology and carapace granulation in buthids. Figures 247–252. Alayotityus sierramaestrae Armas, 1973, pectines of five adult females (247–251) and one adult male (252). Figures 253–258. Compsobuthus maindroni (Kraepelin, 1900), anterior portions of carapaces of six adult males. Figures 259–264. Compsobuthus maindroni (Kraepelin, 1900), left anterolateral margins of carapaces of six adult males, showing granulation detail (magnified views of Figs. 253–258). UV fluorescence. Scale bars: 1 mm (247–252), 1 mm (253–258), 400 μm (259–264).
Figures 67–90 in Reanalysis of Teruelius and Grosphus (Scorpiones Buthidae with descriptions of two new species
Figures 67–90. Cuticular surface microstructure of medial sternites VII and VI. Figures 67–70. Grosphus madagascariensis, ♂. Sternites VII (67, 69) and VI (68, 70). Figures 71–74. Grosphus angulatus sp. n., ♀. Sternites VII (71, 73) and VI (72, 74). Figures 75–78. Lychas mucronatus, ♀. Sternites VII (75, 77) and VI (76, 78). Figures 79–82. Teruelius limbatus, ♀. Sternites VII (79, 81) and VI (80, 82). Figures 83–86. Teruelius flavopiceus, ♀. Sternites VII (83, 85) and VI (84, 86). Figures 87–90. Teruelius ankarana, ♀. Sternites VII (87, 89) and VI (88, 90). Images acquired under reflected white light epi-illumination at lower magnification (scale bar 100 μm in Fig. 68) of sternites on intact animal (67–68, 71–72, 75–76, 79–80, 83–84, 87–88), and Nomarski trans-illumination at higher magnification (scale bar 40 μm in Fig. 70) of dissected sternites after soft tissue removal (69–70, 73–74, 77–78, 81–82, 85–86, 89–90).
Figures 232–246 in Reanalysis of Teruelius and Grosphus (Scorpiones Buthidae with descriptions of two new species
Figures 232–246. The microcharmid metamerized basal piece and other anomalies in the literature. Figure 232. Original illustration of metamerized basal piece of pectines of Microcharmus cloudsleythompsoni divided into four sclerites (Lourenço, 1995: 99, fig. 10; republished in Lourenço, 1996: 63, fig. 31, and Lourenço, 1998a: 846: fig. 2). Figure 233. Illustration of metamerized basal piece of pectines of Microcharmus variegatus divided into four sclerites (Lourenço & Goodman, 2013: 56, fig. 22). Figure 234. Superimposition of Fig. 233 (red) over Fig. 232 (black). Magnified insets: details of middle lamellae. Red arrows (232–234): site of added pectine tooth. Figure 235. Superimposition of mirror image of Fig. 233 (blue) over itself (black), mirrored right comb aligned with left comb (blue arrow). Magnified insets: details of right and left middle lamellae. Figures 236–237. Sternopectinal regions of male (236) and female (237) paratypes of Microcharmus variegatus. UV fluorescence. Figure 238. Illustration of basal piece of pectines of Microcharmus fisheri divided into two sclerites (Lourenço, 1998b: 70, fig. 4). Figure 239. Illustration of sternopectinal region of Lychasioides amieti Vachon, 1973 (Lourenço, 1999c: 11, fig. 4). Figure 240. Superimposition of mirror image of Fig. 239 (blue) over itself (black), mirrored right comb aligned with left comb (blue arrow). Figures 241–243. Illustrations of right pedipalp chela and trichobothria of Birulatus haasi Vachon, 1973, from Lourenço (1999b: 109, figs. 3–4) (241); of B. astartiae Stathi & Lourenço, 2003, from Stathi & Lourenço (2003: 107, figs. 6–7) (242); and superimposition of Fig. 242 (red) over Fig.
Figures 17–18 in Reanalysis of Teruelius and Grosphus (Scorpiones Buthidae with descriptions of two new species
Figures 17–18. Morphometric analyses of spiracles. Figure 17. Bivariate logarithmic scatter plot of circularity vs. Feret's caliper ratio of spiracle IV aperture shapes in Grosphus (n = 37, 10 spp.), Teruelius (n = 45, 18 spp.) and outgroup taxa (n = 11, 7 spp.). Aperture defined as margin of opening of passage leading to atrium and book lung lamellae, excluding ridges and ornamentation. Figure 18. Elliptic Fourier Analysis (EFA) of spiracle aperture shapes of Fig. 17. Upper panel: bivariate scatter plot of principal component PC2 (11.63% of variance) vs. PC1 (30.32% of variance) extracted from PCA of up to 8th order harmonics (32 coefficients) of spiracle profiles. Profiles oriented with long axis horizontal, anterior on top, start point at top centroid. Lower panel: frequency distributions of Grosphus (cyan bars) and Teruelius (yellow bars) along PC1 axis. Color codes of symbols indicated in Fig. 16–17 legends.
Figure 34 in Reanalysis of Teruelius and Grosphus (Scorpiones Buthidae with descriptions of two new species
Figure 34: Phenetic analysis of shapes of female basal pectinal teeth (bpt). Ultrametric tree obtained from hierarchical cluster analysis by UPGMA of the Euclidean distance matrix of z-scores of 32 Fourier coefficients. Font colors: Grosphus, blue; Teruelius flavopiceus, orange; T. ankarana, magenta; T. grandidieri, red; other Teruelius spp., dark yellow. Pectine images: Grosphus angulatus sp. n. (upper), Teruelius grandidieri (lower).
Figure 35 in Reanalysis of Teruelius and Grosphus (Scorpiones Buthidae with descriptions of two new species
Figure 35: Phylogram of shapes of female basal pectinal teeth (bpt). Tree obtained from neighbor-joining cluster analysis of the Euclidean distance matrix of z-scores of 32 Fourier coefficients. Outgroup taxon: Pseudolychas ochraceus. Font colors: as in Fig. 34, with Pseudolychas black. Pectine images: Teruelius grandidieri (upper), Grosphus angulatus sp. n. (lower).
Figures 19–22 in Reanalysis of Teruelius and Grosphus (Scorpiones Buthidae with descriptions of two new species
Figures 19–22. Morphometric analyses of regular pectine teeth. Figures 19–20. Horizontal logarithmic bar plots comparing length/ width (L/W) ratios of regular pectine teeth in males (19) and females (20) of Grosphus, Teruelius and outgroup taxa. Bars are rank ordered means, error bars are standard errors; ♂ n = 52, 30 spp.; ♀ n = 66, 31 spp. Figure 21. Bivariate logarithmic scatter plot comparing pectinal tooth L/W ratios of males (ordinate) vs. females (abscissa) (21 spp.). Gray line is diagonal. Plotted values and error bars as in Figs. 19–20. Fig. 22. Regular pectine teeth (♀) of Grosphus voahangyae (left) and Teruelius ankarafantsika (right), showing measurements of length (L) and width (W). W is equal to inter-fulcral spacing. UV fluorescence. Measurements were taken at> 3 teeth away from most proximal or most distal teeth. Color codes of symbols and bars as in Fig. 16–17 legends.
Figures 13–16 in Reanalysis of Teruelius and Grosphus (Scorpiones Buthidae with descriptions of two new species
Figures 13–16. Morphometric analyses of carapace and hemispermatophores. Figure 13. Horizontal bar plot of mean carapace length (mm) (character 0) of Grosphus (n = 46, 14 spp.), Teruelius (n = 70, 21 spp.), Pseudolychas (n = 8, 3 spp.), and other outgroup taxa (n = 36, 9 spp.). Data from both sexes pooled. Error bars are standard errors. Discretization thresholds at step changes in ranked length. Figure 14. Horizontal bar plot of mean concavity angle (°) (character 4) of Grosphus (n = 49, 14 spp.), Teruelius (n = 72, 19 spp.), Pseudolychas (n = 8, 3 spp.) and other outgroup taxa (n = 22, 9 spp.). Data from both sexes were pooled. Error bars indicate standard errors. Discretization threshold at step transition in rank slope. Inset: angle defined by tangent line at midpoint between anterior-most lateral eye and carapace center. Figure 15. Horizontal bar plot of mean ratio of carapace preocular L/ carapace L (character 5) of Grosphus (n = 39, 14 spp.), Teruelius (n = 71, 21 spp.), Pseudolychas (n = 8, 3 spp.) and other outgroup taxa (n = 23, 9 spp.). Data from both sexes pooled. Error bars are standard errors. Discretization threshold at a minor step transition in rank slope. Figure 16. Bivariate logarithmic scatter plot of hemispermatophore posterior lobe width/ length ratio vs. hemispermatophore capsule length/ posterior lobe length for Grosphus (n = 13, 6 spp.), Teruelius (n = 10, 9 spp.) and outgroup Pseudolychas (n = 1, 1 sp.). Color codes of symbols or bars as indicated in Fig. 16 legend: Grosphus 'hirtus' group (G. angulatus sp. n., G. hirtus, G. polskyi, G. voahangyae), blue; other Grosphus spp., cyan; Teruelius flavopiceus, orange; T. ankarana, magenta; T. grandidieri, red; other Teruelius spp., yellow; Pseudolychas spp., black; other outgroups, gray.
Figures 105–129 in Reanalysis of Teruelius and Grosphus (Scorpiones Buthidae with descriptions of two new species
Figures 105–129. Ventral views of metasomal segment I showing variation in granulation and development of paired ventrosubmedian of carinae in Grosphus and Teruelius. Species and sex indicated in labels under each figure. White arrows identify ventromedial intercarinal surfaces between paired ventrosubmedian carinae in figures with oblique views of the segment. Reflected white light illumination: 106–107, 114, 117, 126–129; UV fluorescence: 105, 108–113, 115–116, 118–125; resampled from published images: 106, 117, 126–127 (Lourenço et al., 2009, 2018; Ref. MNHN-RS-RS1314). Material of Figs. 110–111 determined and labeled as 'Grosphus garciai' (FMNH 73434, FMNH 73436), currently a junior synonym of G. hirtus.
Figures 1–12 in Reanalysis of Teruelius and Grosphus (Scorpiones Buthidae with descriptions of two new species
Figures 1–12. Morphological characters of Grosphus and Teruelius. Figures 1–2. Carapace, anterior margin, denticulate medial epistomal process (character 3): absent in G. hirtus (1), present in T. mahafaliensis (2). Figures 3–4. Carapace, superciliary carinae (character 6): granulate in G. simoni (3), smooth in T. limbatus (4). Figures 5–6. Sternite VII, submedian carinae (character 15): granulate in G. simoni (5), smooth or obsolete in T. mahafaliensis (6). Figures 7–8. Pedipalp femur, dorsal surface (character 30): smooth in T. mahafaliensis (7), granulate in G. simoni (8). Figures 9–10. Pedipalp patella (characters 31–33): dorsomedian setation dense (setae broken but sockets visible), and dorsointernal carina absent in G. voahangyae (9); dorsomedian setation sparse, and dorsointernal carina strong and densely granulate in T. grandidieri (10). Figures 11–12. Metasoma IV dorsosubmedian carinae, enlarged posterior terminal spiniform granule (same as for metasoma III = character 21): present in G. madagascariensis (11), absent in T. mahafaliensis (12); metasoma V dorsolateral carinae (character 22): granulate in G. madagascariensis (11), smooth or obsolete in T. mahafaliensis (12). All images acquired under UV fluorescence. Scale bars: 1 mm (1–4, 7–9), 2 mm (5–6, 10–12).
Figures 23–28 in Reanalysis of Teruelius and Grosphus (Scorpiones Buthidae with descriptions of two new species
Figures 23–28: Ratiometric analysis of shapes of female basal pectinal teeth (bpt). Figures 23–26. Bivariate logarithmic scatter plots of six ratiometric shape variables: roundness vs. solidity (23), circularity vs. roundness (24), maximum/ minimum caliper diameter vs. solidity (25), basal tooth width/ regular tooth width vs. perimeter attachment ratio (26). Figures 27–28. Bivariate scatter plots of first two principal components (PC2 vs. PC1) obtained from PCA of standardized logarithms of all six ratiometric variables, accounting for 85.31% and 8.43% of variance, respectively. Individual cases plotted in Fig. 27, means and standard errors for each species in Fig. 28. Profile silhouette examples are shown for analyzed species in Fig. 28. Data from 106 bpt from Grosphus (n = 31, 8 spp.), Teruelius (n = 70, 18 spp.) and Pseudolychas (n = 5, 2 spp.). Symbol colors indicated in legend of Fig. 23.
Figure 107 in The genus Barbaracurus in Saudi Arabia (Scorpiones: Buthidae), with description of a new species.
Figure 107. Map showing confirmed distribution of Barbaracurus spp. except for B. ugartei (KovařÍk, 2000) from Nigeria and B. prudenti (Lourenço, 2013) from Cameroon.
Figures 91–96 in The genus Barbaracurus in Saudi Arabia (Scorpiones: Buthidae), with description of a new species.
Figures 91–96: Barbaracurus yemenensis from Saudi Arabia. Figures 91–93. Female, metasoma and telson, lateral (91), dorsal (92) and ventral (93) views under UV fluorescence. Figures 94–96. Male, metasoma and telson, lateral (94), dorsal (95) and ventral (96) views under UV fluorescence.
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