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FIGURE 9 in Bundles of Sperm: Structural Diversity in Scorpion Sperm Packages Illuminates Evolution of Insemination in an Ancient Lineage
FIGURE 9. Schematic illustration summarizing the major types, shapes, and folding of sperm packages in Scorpiones with hypothesized evolutionary transformation from absence (free sperm), e.g., Buthida Soleglad and Fet 2003: A. Straight: fusiform, e.g., Parabuthus granulatus (Ehrenberg, 1831) (Buthidae C.L. Koch, 1837); straight, e.g., Iuridae Thorell, 1876, and Superstitioniidae Stahnke, 1940; or canelike, e.g., Bothriuridae Simon, 1880. B. Single fold: bent in half, e.g., Vaejovidae Thorell, 1876, Timogenes and Vachonia Abalos, 1954 (Bothriuridae). C. Multiple folds: ellipsoidal: double parallel fold, e.g., Tetratrichobothrius flavicaudis (De Geer, 1778), Nullibrotheas allenii (Wood, 1863); spiral, e.g., Euscorpiops longimanus (Pocock, 1893); double bent open gatefold, e.g., Broteochactas Pocock, 1893; annular: twisted, e.g., Hormuridae Laurie, 1896; or ringlike, e.g., Bothriurus Peters, 1861, and Timogenes Simon, 1880 (Bothriuridae).
FIGURE 1 in Bundles of Sperm: Structural Diversity in Scorpion Sperm Packages Illuminates Evolution of Insemination in an Ancient Lineage
FIGURE 1. Sperm packages of Bothriuridae Simon, 1880 (A, D, E, F), Superstitioniidae Stahnke, 1940 (B), Euscorpiidae Pocock, 1893 (C), and Buthidae C.L. Koch, 1837 (G–L), imaged with light microscopy (A–F) or scanning electron microscopy (G–L). A, D, E. Timogenes elegans (Mello-Leitão, 1931): bent, annular, straight. B. Superstitionia donensis Stahnke, 1940: straight. C. Tetratrichobothrius flavicaudis (De Geer, 1778): double bent/ellipsoidal; numbers represent folding that causes differences in shape. F. Brachistosternus ferrugineus (Thorell, 1876): straight. G. Zabius fuscus (Thorell, 1876): absent. H. Buthus paris (C.L. Koch, 1839): absent. I. Teruelius ankarana (Lourenço and Goodman, 2003): absent. J. Hottentotta conspersus (Thorell, 1876): absent. K. Babycurus jacksoni (Pocock, 1890): absent. L. Lychas obsti Kraepelin, 1913: absent. Arrows indicate folding of sperm packages described in text, including variations in conspecifics. Scale bars: 25 µm.
FIGURE 8 in Bundles of Sperm: Structural Diversity in Scorpion Sperm Packages Illuminates Evolution of Insemination in an Ancient Lineage
FIGURE 8. Transmission electron micrographs of spermatozoa from sperm packages of the bothriurid, Bothriurus bonariensis (C.L. Koch, 1842), sectioned at different points along an axis (A–D), and of sperm packages of four species of Bothriuridae Simon, 1880 sectioned in the middle (E–H). A. Head, middle piece, and flagella of different sperm packages. B. Nuclei of heads from different spermatozoa. C. Middle piece of different spermatozoa with paired mitochondria. D. Flagella of different spermatozoa. E. Bothriurus bonariensis. F. Timogenes elegans (Mello-Leitão, 1931). G. Brachistosternus ferrugineus (Thorell, 1876). H, I. Urophonius brachycentrus (Thorell, 1876). Inset in E–H illustrates details of axoneme. Abbreviations: axo, axoneme; f, flagellum; h, head; mit, mitochondria; mp, middle piece; n, nucleus. Scale bars: 0.5 µm (A–D); 2.5 µm (E–H).
FIGURE 3 in Bundles of Sperm: Structural Diversity in Scorpion Sperm Packages Illuminates Evolution of Insemination in an Ancient Lineage
FIGURE 3. Sperm packages of Caraboctonidae Kraepelin, 1905 (A, B), Superstitioniidae Stahnke, 1940 (C), Chactidae Pocock, 1893 (D–K), and Troglotayosicidae Lourenco, 1998 (L) imaged with scanning electron microscopy (A–C, E–G, K) or light microscopy (D, H–J, L). A. Caraboctonus keyserlingi Pocock, 1893: straight. B. Hadruroides lunatus (L. Koch, 1867): straight. C. Superstitionia donensis Stahnke, 1940: straight. D, E. Nullibrotheas allenii (Wood, 1863): ellipsoidal, double bent. F, G. Brotheas sp., Bartica District, Guyana: ellipsoidal, double bent. H. Broteochactas nitidus Pocock, 1893: double bent. I. Chactopsoides anduzei (González-Sponga, 1982): double bent. J. Chactas aequinoctialis (Karsch, 1879): ellipsoidal, spherical. K. Teuthraustes sp., Aguay Province, Ecuador: ellipsoidal. L. Troglotayosicus humiculum Botero-Trujillo and Francke, 2009: bent. Scale bars: 25 µm.
Figs 9, 10 in Scorpions of the Brandberg Massif, Namibia: Species richness inversely correlated with altitude
Figs 9, 10. Adult females, habitus in life: (9) Hottentotta conspersus (Thorell, 1876); (10) Parabuthus brevimanus (Thorell, 1876).
Figs 15, 16 in Scorpions of the Brandberg Massif, Namibia: Species richness inversely correlated with altitude
Figs 15, 16. Uroplectes adults, habitus in life: (15) U. gracilior Hewitt, 1913, male; (16) U. planimanus (Karsch, 1879), female with brood.
Fig. 1 in Scorpions of the Brandberg Massif, Namibia: Species richness inversely correlated with altitude
Fig. 1. Brandberg Massif (Namibia), gravel plains southwest, facing northeast to Massif in distance, dry year. Gravel plains, habitat of Parabuthus brevimanus (Thorell, 1876), Parabuthus namibensis Lamoral, 1979 and Uroplectes gracilior Hewitt, 1913.
Fig. 4 in Scorpions of the Brandberg Massif, Namibia: Species richness inversely correlated with altitude
Fig. 4. Brandberg Massif (Namibia), base of Massif at entrance to Goaseb (Ga-Asab) Gorge, facing north to Orabeskopf at summit, wet year. Dominant vegetation, Boscia foetida Schinz and Commiphora sp. Rocky flats, habitat of Hottentotta conspersus (Thorell, 1876), Parabuthus brevimanus (Thorell, 1876), Parabuthus villosus (Peters, 1862), and Opistophthalmus lamorali Prendini, 2000.
Figs 13, 14 in Scorpions of the Brandberg Massif, Namibia: Species richness inversely correlated with altitude
Figs 13, 14. Parabuthus adults, habitus in life: (13) P. kraepelini Werner, 1902, female; (14) P. villosus (Peters, 1862), male.
Fig. 21 in Scorpions of the Brandberg Massif, Namibia: Species richness inversely correlated with altitude
Fig. 21. Graph illustrating decreasing scorpion species richness with increasing altitude (100 m contour interval) on the Brandberg Massif (Namibia). Data from Material Examined (this study).
Fig. 5 in Scorpions of the Brandberg Massif, Namibia: Species richness inversely correlated with altitude
Fig. 5. Brandberg Massif (Namibia), lower slopes of Massif in Goaseb (Ga-Asab) Gorge, facing southwest, wet year. Dominant vegetation, Acacia montis-usti Merxm. & A. Schreib., Commiphora sp., Euphorbia sp. and Moringa ovalifolia Dinter & A. Berger. Rocky flats and slopes, habitat of Hottentotta conspersus (Thorell, 1876), Hadogenes tityrus (Simon, 1888) and Opistophthalmus ugabensis Hewitt, 1934.
Fig. 3 in Scorpions of the Brandberg Massif, Namibia: Species richness inversely correlated with altitude
Fig. 3. Brandberg Massif (Namibia), gravel plains and foothills southeast, facing northwest to Massif, wet year. Dominant vegetation, Euphorbia damarana L.C. Leach and Stipagrostis sp. Gravel plain, habitat of Parabuthus brevimanus (Thorell, 1876), Parabuthus granulatus (Ehrenberg, 1831). Rocky foothills, habitat of Parabuthus villosus (Peters, 1862) and Opistophthalmus lamorali Prendini, 2000.
Figs 11, 12 in Scorpions of the Brandberg Massif, Namibia: Species richness inversely correlated with altitude
Figs 11, 12. Parabuthus adults, habitus in life: (11) P. gracilis Lamoral, 1979, female; (12) P. granulatus (Ehrenberg, 1831), male.
Fig. 2 in Scorpions of the Brandberg Massif, Namibia: Species richness inversely correlated with altitude
Fig. 2. Brandberg Massif (Namibia), granitic inselberg south, surrounded by low sand dunes, leading down to sandy plain, facing west, wet year. Dominant vegetation, Euphorbia damarana L.C. Leach and Stipagrostis sp. Dunes, habitat of Parabuthus gracilis Lamoral, 1979 and Opistophthalmus jenseni (Lamoral, 1972). Sandy plain, habitat of Parabuthus brevimanus (Thorell, 1876), Parabuthus granulatus (Ehrenberg, 1831) and Opistophthalmus wahlbergii (Thorell, 1876).
Fig. 7 in Scorpions of the Brandberg Massif, Namibia: Species richness inversely correlated with altitude
Fig. 7. Brandberg Massif (Namibia), just below summit of Massif in Goaseb (Ga-Asab) Gorge, facing south to gravel plains, dry year. Rocky slopes, habitat of Brandbergia haringtoni Prendini, 2003, Hadogenes tityrus (Simon, 1888) and Uroplectes planimanus (Karsch, 1879).
Fig. 6 in Scorpions of the Brandberg Massif, Namibia: Species richness inversely correlated with altitude
Fig. 6. Brandberg Massif (Namibia), upper slopes of Massif in Goaseb (Ga-Asab) Gorge, facing northeast, wet year. Dominant vegetation, Cyphostemma currorii (Hook.f.) Desc. and Ozoroa crassinervia (Engl.) R. Fern & A. Fern. Rocky slopes, habitat of Brandbergia haringtoni Prendini, 2003, Lisposoma elegans Lawrence, 1928, Hadogenes tityrus (Simon, 1888), and Uroplectes planimanus (Karsch, 1879). Woody vegetation, habitat of Uroplectes otjimbinguensis (Karsch, 1879).
Fig. 8 in Scorpions of the Brandberg Massif, Namibia: Species richness inversely correlated with altitude
Fig. 8. Brandberg Massif (Namibia), Wasserfallfläche, plateau on summit of Massif, facing southwest, wet year. Dominant vegetation, Boscia albitrunca (Burch.) Gilg & Gilg-Ben., Cyphostemma currorii (Hook.f.) Desc. and Euphorbia sp. Rocky flats and slopes, habitat of Lisposoma elegans Lawrence, 1928, Hadogenes tityrus (Simon, 1888) and Uroplectes planimanus (Karsch, 1879). Sandy flats, habitat of Parabuthus brevimanus (Thorell, 1876) and Opistophthalmus carinatus (Peters, 1861). Woody vegetation, habitat of Uroplectes otjimbinguensis (Karsch, 1879).
Fig. 2 in Genetic diversity of Maghrebian Hottentotta (Scorpiones: Buthidae) scorpions based on CO1: new insights on the genus phylogeny and distribution
Fig. 2. Phylogram showing phylogenetic relationships estimated using Bayesian Inference as described in the text. Numbers at branches are Bayesian posterior probabilities and ML bootstrap percentages respectively. The tree was rooted with Scorpio fuliginosus (not shown). Codes refer to Table 1.
Fig. 1 in Genetic diversity of Maghrebian Hottentotta (Scorpiones: Buthidae) scorpions based on CO1: new insights on the genus phylogeny and distribution
Fig. 1. Map showing the sampling locations of Hottentotta from Morocco included in this study. The estimated distribution of both Hottentotta species proposed by Vachon (1952) is indicated. The clades resolved in Fig. 2 are noted. Specimen codes follow Table 1.
Fig. 6 in A remarkably small species of Uroplectes Peters, 1861 (Scorpiones: Buthidae), endemic to the Succulent Karoo of South Africa
Fig. 6. Metasoma and telson, (A, B) dorsal, (C, D) lateral and (E, F) ventral aspects of Uroplectes ansiedippenaarae sp. n., Loeriesfontein, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. A, C, E – Paratype ♂ (AMNH); B, D, F – Paratype ♀ (AMNH). Scale bars = 1 mm.
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