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671 results for “Tyrannosaurus”
FIGURE 17 in Heterodonty in Tyrannosaurus rex: Implications for the taxonomic and systematic utility of theropod dentitions
FIGURE 17. Between-taxon comparisons of MAVG (A), DAVG (B), DSDI (C), and DAVG2 (D) for the theropods examined in this study (data from Smith et al., in press). See methods for units. Error bars equal +/− 1 standard deviation.
Figure 11.7 in Rex, sit: digital modeling of Tyrannosaurus rex at rest
Figure 11.7. In ascending from repose, the M. caudofemoralis longus is in stretch (-115%) and the moment arm is greatly foreshortened compared with its neutral state when standing, thus providing poor mechanical advantage.
Figure 11.3 in Rex, sit: digital modeling of Tyrannosaurus rex at rest
Figure 11.3. (A) Screen image showing the reconstruction of the trunk superimposed on a reference photograph of an assembly of casts of the Stan specimen. Background image courtesy Black Hills Institute of Geologic Research. (B) DinoMorph model shown with addition of digitized pectoral girdles (including furcula), forelimbs, and pelvic girdle, all based on Stan.
Figure 10.12 in Looking again at the forelimb of Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 10.12. Articulated pectoral girdle and forelimb of Tyrannosaurus in lateral (A) and anterior (B) views.
Figure 10.4 in Looking again at the forelimb of Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 10.4. Reconstruction of the pectoral girdle and forelimb of Tyrannosaurus showing (A) the distribution of force from the scapula (a arrows), through the furcula (b arrows), which results in cumulative force (c arrow) at the middle of the furcula. Resisting force c explains why the furcula is deepest at the midline, which is unlike any other theropod furcula. The range of motion for the forelimb segments (B), angle represented by arc a = 40°, arc b = 60°, arc c = 67°.
Figure 10.6 in Looking again at the forelimb of Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 10.6. Position of the furcula relative to the scapula-coracoids as seen in a mounted skeleton of Tyrannosaurus (cast of BHI3033). Human (Neal L. Larson) for scale.
Figure 11.8 in Rex, sit: digital modeling of Tyrannosaurus rex at rest
Figure 11.8. When resting on the pubis, the forelimbs are near ground level. They are brought closer to ground level as a consequence of iniatating a standing movement from this resting pose. A modest tipping of the body, by pivoting about the curved anteroventral surface of the prepubis, would have shifted the overall COM anteriorly and returned the point of balance to between the hindfeet. In the process, the forelimbs would have been available to assist in stabilizing, if not actively contributing toward raising, the body, by pushing against the ground.
Figure 10.14 in Looking again at the forelimb of Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 10.14. Resultant muscle map for the humerus of Tyrannosaurus based on actual muscle scars and those inferred from Figure 10.13. Some differences between actual and predicted include relative sizes of scars (e.g., m. deltoideus clavicularis), as well as position (e.g., M. terres major + M. latissimus dorsi). Where muscle scars are ambiguous, the prediction was used as a guide constrained by unambiguous scars (e.g., M. triceps brevis). Abbreviations: b, M. brachialis; cb, M. coracobrachialis brevis; cbd, M. coracobrachialis brevis dorsalis; dc, M. deltoideus clavicularis; hr, M. humeroradialis; p, M. pectoralis; sb, M. supracoracoideus brevis; sc, M. scapulohumeralis cranialis; sc, scapulohumeralis caudalis; scc, supracoracoideus complex; sl, M. supracoracoideus longus; tbi, M. triceps brevis intermedius (+ cranialis?); tm, M. terres major. Terminology adapted from Meers (2003).
Figure 10.8 in Looking again at the forelimb of Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 10.8. Comparison of normal right humerus of MOR 690 and its pathological left in anterior (A, D), lateral (B, E), and posterior (C, F) views. Note spur at dart in (E), perisoteal reactive bone opposite arrow in (F), with close-up in (G). Region between darts in (F) are shown in lateral view in (H) and in close-up in (I). See text for discussion. Scale in centimeters.
FIGURE 1. A in Tyrannosaurus rex from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) North Horn Formation of Utah: biogeographic and paleoecologic implications
FIGURE 1. A. Skeletal restoration of UMNH 11000, Tyrannosaurus rex, with preserved elements highlighted. Right postorbital and squamosal of UMNH 11000 are shown separately in right lateral view. Abbreviations: co, cornual ossification; ltf, lateral temporal fenestra; o, orbit; PO, postorbital; qjp, quadratojugal process of squamosal; sp, suborbital process; SQ, squamosal. Scale bar equals 10 cm. B. Postorbitals and squamosals of various tyrannosaurids viewed in right lateral view: Gorgosaurus, TMP 91.36.500 (reflected and modified after Currie, 2003a); Albertosaurus, TMP 81.10.1 (reflected and modified after Currie 2003b); Daspletosaurus, combination of NMC 8506 and TMP 2001.36.1 (reflected and modified after Currie 2003b); Tarbosaurus, ZPAL MgD-1/4 (reflected and modified after Hurum and Sabath, 2003); Tyrannosaurus, FMNH PR 2081 (reflected and modified after Brochu, 2003) and UMNH VP 11000.
Figure 2 in Cranial mechanics and feeding in Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 2. Sutural morphology and mobility. (a) Postorbital–jugal suture in Tyrannosaurus rex; (b) maxilla–jugal suture in T. rex; (c) 2D FEM of T. rex skull with mobile postorbital–jugal contact; and (d) 2D FEM of T. rex skull with mobile maxillajugal contact. Double-headed arrows indicate direction of slight adjustive movement at suture. Single-headed arrows indicate location of 'suture' in FE-mesh. Illustrations after BHM 3033. Grey areas and abbreviations as defined in figure 1; pal, palatine.
Figure 3 in Cranial mechanics and feeding in Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 3. Stress in the fused FE Tyrannosaurus rex skull model generated by vertical biting (left column) or tearing (right column). (a) Principal stress 3 [P3], compressive stress; (b) P1 tensile stress; (c) shear stress; (d) P3 compressive stress; (e) P1 tensile stress; and (f) shear stress. Divergent arrows indicate orientation of tensile stress trajectories; convergent arrows indicate orientation of compressive stress trajectories. Units are Pa or Nm‾2. See electronic Appendix C for strain plots.
Figure 3 in Tyrannosaurus was not a fast runner
Figure 3 Estimated extensor muscle mass (T, as a percentage of body mass per leg) required to run quickly. Data are from various models and extant species plotted against log(mbody) to illustrate the scaling of T. Larger runners need a larger fraction of their body allocated to extensor muscle mass.Three shades of grey indicate the likelihood of running ability, based on estimated T. Very low estimated T implies a good chance of being a capable runner. Very high estimated T signals little chance of being a capable runner. Intermediate values of estimated T are inconclusive, and running ability in this case depends on the ratio of actual extensor muscle mass to T. Values of T greater than 50% per leg, or greater than 100% in total, are impossible.The solid line represents the case of scaling a chicken isometrically up to 6,000 kg.
Figure 1 in Tyrannosaurus was not a fast runner
Figure 1 Explanation of freebody diagram analysis of body segments. Skeletal illustration modified from ref. 6. The initial Tyrannosaurus model (Trex_1) is shown in right lateral view and (x, y)coordinate space, with the origin located at the toe joint. Pelvic pitch, hip, knee, ankle and toe joint angle definitions are shown (see Supplementary Information). One of the angles is redundant (four angles suffice). The ground reaction force (GRF) is vertical (typical for midstance12–14) and acts at a distance R from the toe joints. The body segment weights (Wb, Wt, Ws and Wm for the trunk, thigh, shank and metatarsus) are also shown. A freebody diagram was used to calculate the internal moments about each joint. For example, about the knee joint (see inset), the moment that knee extensor muscles must generate (Mk) is equal to the ankle contact force (Fa) times its respective moment arm, plus the gravitational moment of the shank segment and the ankle moment (Ma).
Fig. 1 in A 3D interactive method for estimating body segmental parameters in animals: Application to the turning and running performance of Tyrannosaurus rex
Fig. 1. Body segments can be created using mass objects of different density and shape. Mass objects can be collected into mass sets to calculate their combined inertial properties; the most inclusive Tyrannosaurus mass set (whole body) is outlined here, as well as the trunk segment and its embedded mass objects.
Figure 1 in Could Tyrannosaurus rex have been a scavenger rather than a predator? An energetics approach
Figure 1. The minimum energy density that the ecosystem must provide to allow energy balance of the scavenger as a function of the distance in metres at which carrion can be detected, calculated from equation (2.7). The abscissa is logarithmic to the base 10 so '1' represents 10 m, '2' 100 m, '3' 1 km and '4' 10 km.
Figure 2 in Tyrannosaurus en pointe: allometry minimized rotational inertia of large carnivorous dinosaurs
Figure 2. RI versus body mass in carnivorous archosaurs. Grey bands indicate the range of changes in RI magnitudes when computed with body widths that were 110% and 90% of the original models.
FIGURE 2 in How Fast Could Tyrannosaurus rex Run?
FIGURE 2. ESTIMATED EXTENSOR MUSCLE MASS per leg needed to run fast, as a fraction of total body mass. Larger animals need relatively more leg muscle to run. This dependence is illustrated by the solid line, calculated for a chicken scaled up to the size of T. rex. For several models of T. rex anatomy, the estimates (red) all require more leg muscle for running fast than the creature was likely to have had (orange dot). (Adapted from ref. 6.)
FIGURE 1 in How Fast Could Tyrannosaurus rex Run?
FIGURE 1. IN A FREE-BODY DIAGRAM for a running tyrannosaur, the angles of the leg joints (top) are critical parameters. In addi- tion to the forces and torques produced by leg muscles, external forces (bottom) including the weights of the body (Ƒb), thigh (Ƒt), shank (Ƒs), and metatarsus (Ƒm), as well as the ground reaction force (GRF) that acts a distance R from the toe joint must be incorporated. (Adapted from ref. 6.)
Fig. 2 in Gender-Specific Reproductive Tissue in Ratites and Tyrannosaurus rex
Fig. 2. Dinosaur and ratite comparative views. (A) Freshly broken fragment of MOR 1125 shows laminar ELB separating CB and MB. Bone tissues decrease in density internal to the ELB, because of increased vascularity. (B) Emu tibia, midshaft section. Erosion rooms extending into ELB are secondarily filled by MB. (C) Ostrich bone, mid shaft. MB is distinct from CB, but no obvious ELB is visible and several large vascular sinuses are seen. (D) Higher magnification of MB region of MOR 1125, showing increased porosity and more random orientation of MB than CB or ELB. (E) Emu, stained (14) to distinguish bone from infiltrating marrow fat. MB is more vascular than overlying CB and exhibits a random, whorled pattern. (F) Ostrich MB, showing relationship of bony spicules to invading blood sinuses, colored red from remnant blood. (G) Ground section of MOR 1125. Dense cortical Haversian bone shows second- and third-generation remodeling. ELB separates Haversian bone from more vascular MB. (H) Similar orientation of emu femur shows dense CB, distinct ELB, and a thin layer of MB. (I) Ostrich MB appears more laminar than in (C) or (F) because of the longitudinal orientation of tubelike medullary spicules.
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