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Fig. 6 in The reinstated identity of agglutinated foraminifer Campanellula capuensis from the Lower Cretaceous of southern Italy by means of a 3D model investigation

Fig. 6. Lituolinid foraminifer Campanellula capuensis De Castro, 1964, Castel Morrone, Italy, upper Hauterivian–lower Barremian, Lower Cretaceous. Sub)axial sections (A–E), oblique sections (F, G, I, J), transverse section (H). A. Thin section DiSTARBA.4418.2 with two individuals (A1, A2); the dashed line in A2 points out alternated chambers resulting from the trochospiral arrangement. B. Thin section DiSTARBA.4418.3 with two individuals (B1, B2). C. Thin section DiSTARBA.4418.12. D. Thin section DiSTARBA.4418.15. E. Thin section DiSTARBA.4418.1 with two individuals (E1, E2). F. Thin section DiSTARBA.4418.13. G. Thin section DiSTARBA.4418.11. H. Thin section DiSTARBA.4418.3. I. Thin section DiSTARBA.4418.4. J. Thin section DiSTARBA.4418.2. Abbreviation: co, columella.

Fig. 3 in The reinstated identity of agglutinated foraminifer Campanellula capuensis from the Lower Cretaceous of southern Italy by means of a 3D model investigation

Fig. 3. Lituolinid foraminifer Campanellula capuensis De Castro, 1964, San Lorenzello section, Italy, upper Hauterivian–lower Barremian, Lower Cretaceous (A–J, L) and Križ section, Mljet Island, Croatia, Lower Cretaceous (K); various (sub)axial sections. A. Thin section DiSTARL29 with two individuals (A1, A2). B. Thin section DiSTARL8. C. Thin section DiSTARL392 with three individuals (C1–C3). D. Thin section DiSTARL361 with two individuals (D1, D2). E. Thin section DiSTARL391. F. Thin section DiST/SL9091.1. G. Thin section DiSTARL35. H. Thin section DiSTARL36. I. Thin section DiSTARL41. J. Thin section DiST/SL99C.2. K. Thin section IGZMK with two individuals (K1, K2), after Husinec and Sokač (2006: fig. 7J and I). L. Thin section DiSTARL37. Rather largesized specimens (A, K2) might belong to microspheric generation. Abbreviation: ch, chamber.

Fig. 12 in The reinstated identity of agglutinated foraminifer Campanellula capuensis from the Lower Cretaceous of southern Italy by means of a 3D model investigation

Fig. 12. Palaeobiogeographic distribution of species of Campanellula De Castro, 1964. Occurrence of species has been plotted on an Early Cretaceous ca.120 Ma) paleogeographic map, after http://portal.gplates.org/.

Fig. 11 in The reinstated identity of agglutinated foraminifer Campanellula capuensis from the Lower Cretaceous of southern Italy by means of a 3D model investigation

Fig. 11. Scheme of the species of Campanellula De Castro, 1964. A. Campanellula capuensis De Castro, 1964, IPA.281.1, holotype (drawing from De Castro 1964: pl. 1: 1), Castel Morrone, Italy, upper Hauterivian–lower Barremian, Lower Cretaceous. B. Campanellula herishtensis Schlagintweit, Rashidi, and Hanifzadeh, 2019, T 726 (number Gmm 13950F110), holotype (drawing from Schlagintweit et al. 2019: fig. 5L), Ardakan, Province of Yazd, Central Iran, lower Gargasian, Aptian, Lower Cretaceous.

Fig. 9 in The reinstated identity of agglutinated foraminifer Campanellula capuensis from the Lower Cretaceous of southern Italy by means of a 3D model investigation

Fig. 9. Lituolinid foraminifer Campanellula capuensis De Castro, 1964, from Castel Morrone, Italy, upper Hauterivian–lower Barremian, Lower Cretaceous. A. DiSTARL36.1, transversal section showing six chambers per whorl (A1), compared with the 3D model transversally cut (upper view displaying eight chamber per whorl (A2), also represented in lateral view (A3). B. DiSTARL36.1 tangential section (B1), compared with the 3D model tangentially cut (frontal view of the section, B2), also represented in lateral view (B3). C. DiSTARL35.1, tangentialoblique section (C1), compared with the 3D sectioned model cut in frontal view, C2), also represented in lateral view (C3). D. DiSTARL34.1, oblique section through last tours (D1), compared with the 3D sectioned model (cut in frontal view, D2), also represented in lateral view (D3). Scale bars 100 μm.

Fig. 5 in The reinstated identity of agglutinated foraminifer Campanellula capuensis from the Lower Cretaceous of southern Italy by means of a 3D model investigation

Fig. 5. Lituolinid foraminifer Campanellula capuensis De Castro, 1964, San Lorenzello section, Italy, upper Hauterivian–lower Barremian, Lower Cretaceous; various tangential sections. A. Thin section DiSTARL331. B. Thin section DiSTARL34. C. Thin section DiSTARL35 with two individuals (C1, C2). D. Thin section DiSTARL382. E. Thin section DiSTARL212. F. Thin section DiSTARL13. G. Thin section DiSTARL59. H. Thin section DiSTARL37 with two individuals (explain H1, H2). I. Thin section DiSTARL361 with three individuals (I1–I3). J. Thin section DiSTARL391 with two individuals (J1, J2). K. Thin section DiSTARL392. L. Thin section DiSTARL59. M. Thin section DiSTARL333. Rather largesized specimen (E) might belong to microspheric generation.

Fig. 8 in The reinstated identity of agglutinated foraminifer Campanellula capuensis from the Lower Cretaceous of southern Italy by means of a 3D model investigation

Fig. 8. Lituolinid foraminifer Campanellula capuensis De Castro, 1964, from Castel Morrone, Italy, upper Hauterivian–lower Barremian, Lower Cretaceous. IPA.281.1, 3D test reconstruction of the holotype (De Castro 1964: pl. 1: 1:). Left (A1) and frontal right (A2) views of the test.

Fig. 1 in The reinstated identity of agglutinated foraminifer Campanellula capuensis from the Lower Cretaceous of southern Italy by means of a 3D model investigation

Fig. 1. Position of the studied localities. A. A contour map of the Italian Peninsula showing location of the Campania Region. B. Enlargement of the Campania Region with the two studied localities: San Lorenzello section (Benevento Province; red star) and the type locality of Campanellula capuensis De Castro, 1964) near Castel Morrone village (Caserta Province; yellow star). C. Panoramic view of the San Lorenzello section (from Google Earth). D. Panoramic view of the Campanellula capuensis type locality along the SP174 road (from Google Earth).

Fig. 16 in Evolution and identity of synapsid carpal bones

Fig. 16. Selected specimens showing the different states of distal carpal V in gorgonopsians, therocephalians, and cynodonts, all in dorsal view (except A, ventral view). A. Olivierosuchus parringtoni (Brink, 1965), BP/1/3973, left carpus. B. Tetracynodon darti Sigogneau, 1963, AM 3677, right carpus. C. Trucidocynodon riograndensis Oliveira, Soares, and Schultz, 2010, UFRGS PV-1051T, right carpus. D. Procynosuchus delaharpeae Broom, 1937, BP/1/591, right carpus. E. Procynosuchus delaharpeae Broom, 1937, NHMUK PV R 37054, right carpus. F. Ictidosuchoides longiceps Broom, 1920, CGS CM86-655, right carpus. G. Arctognathus curvimola (Owen, 1876), SAM-PK-3329, right carpus. H. Theriognathus microps Owen, 1876, NHMUK R 5694, right carpus. I. Gorgonopsian BP/1/1210, left carpus (reversed). J. Glanosuchus macrops Broom, 1904, SAM-PK-K7809, left carpus (reversed). K. Ictidosuchoides longiceps Broom, 1920, or Ictidosuchops intermedium (Broom, 1938), BP/1/2294, right carpus (dashed lines are shown where the bone margins are uncertain). L. Procynosuchus delaharpeae Broom, 1937, RC92, right carpus. Colours show the different states of distal carpal IV and V. Arrows show lines of fusion (dashes) between distal carpals IV and V. Abbreviations: mc, metacarpals, di, distal carpals; l ce, lateral centrale; m ce, medial centrale; rl, radiale; ur, ulnare.

Fig. 17 in Evolution and identity of synapsid carpal bones

Fig. 17. Phylogenetic tree showing the major evolutionary changes in the carpus during synapsid evolution. For explanation, see text. The phylogeny is based on the same references as Fig. 2A and B.

Fig. 15. The track Amphisauropus Haubold, 1970, NMMNH P-37922 in Evolution and identity of synapsid carpal bones

Fig. 15. The track Amphisauropus Haubold, 1970, NMMNH P-37922, central New Mexico, USA, Abo Formation, Cisuralian, left manus and pes imprint, convex hyporelief, presumably from a seymouriamorph trackmaker. Photo made by Sebastian Voigt, published with the permission of Sebastian Voigt, all rights reserved (see also Voigt and Lucas 2017: fig. 3F).

Fig. 11 in Evolution and identity of synapsid carpal bones

Fig. 11. Part of the carpus of Arctognathus curvimola (Owen, 1876), SAM-PK-3329, Oudeberg, Graaff-Reinet, South Africa, Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone, Lopingian. Dorsal (A1), ventral (A2), and dorsolateral (A3) views, showing the fusion lines between the radiale and the centralia. Abbreviations: di, distal carpal; l ce, lateral centrale; m ce, medial centrale; rl, radiale.

Fig. 14 in Evolution and identity of synapsid carpal bones

Fig. 14. Interpretation of the cartilaginous anlagen of the embryological carpus of different mammals by different authors. Whenever the radiale, ulnare or lunate have been interpreted previously as homologues of a centrale, the details are given in brackets following the abbreviations in the figures. A. Microcebus myoxinus Peters, 1852, 10.2 mm neck-rump length (from Schmidt-Ehrenberg 1942: 61, fig. 10, courtesy of Revue Suisse de Zoologie). B. Tarsius spectrumgurskyae Shekelle, Groves, Maryanto, and Mittermeier, 2017, 20.5 mm body length, (from Holmgren 1952: 80, fig. 93, reproduced with permission of Acta Zoologica, © The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, all rights reserved). C. Talpa europaea Linnaeus, 1758, 15 mm body length (from Kindahl 1942b: 270, fig. 4, courtesy of Sächsisches Staatsarchiv, Staatsarchiv Leipzig). D. Ovis aries Linnaeus, 1758, 38 mm body length, three-dimensional reconstruction of the left carpus in dorsal aspect (from Slabý 1967: pl. 6: 30). Abbreviations: ce, centrale; d, distal; di, distal carpal; int, intermedium; lu, lunate; na, naviculare; p, prepollex; p/s, prepollex/sesamoid; pis, pisiform; pr, proximal; ra, radius; rl, radiale; ul, ulna; ur, ulnare.

Fig. 10 in Evolution and identity of synapsid carpal bones

Fig. 10. Prepollex/sesamoid on the carpus of the biarmosuchian PIN 1758/320, Eshovo, Russia, Roadian. Dorsal (A1) and ventral (A2) views. Abbreviations: di I, distal carpal I; l ce, lateral centrale; m ce, medial centrale; rl, radiale; p/s, prepollex/ sesamoid.

Fig. 9 in Evolution and identity of synapsid carpal bones

Fig. 9. Medial part of the carpus of Theriognathus microps Owen, 1876, NHMUK R 5694, Thaba 'Nchu, South Africa, Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone, Lopingian, with three centralia. Dorsal (A1) and distoventral (A2) views. Abbreviations: int, intermedium; l ce, lateral centrale; m ce, medial centrale; rl, radiale.

Fig. 13 in Evolution and identity of synapsid carpal bones

Fig. 13. Homologization of the mammaliamorph lunate with the intermedium or lateral centrale of non-mammaliamorph synapsids. I. The homologue of the lunate is the intermedium (C2, D2); this is the traditional view (Gegenbaur 1864; Romer and Parsons 1977; Kivell 2016) and was put forward by Broom (1901) for non-mammaliamorph therapsids and extant mammals. II. The homologue of the lunate is the lateral centrale (C3, D3) as suggested here. A. Ophiacodon (FMNH UC 458). B. Galesaurus (SAM-PK-K10465). C. Tritylodontid (WCW-06A-34). D. Zhangheotherium (IVPP V7466). Photographs (A1–C1), drawing (D1), and explanatory drawings (A2–D2, C3, D3). The figures show the right manus in dorsal view, except for A, where the left manus has been lateromedially reversed.

Fig. 7 in Evolution and identity of synapsid carpal bones

Fig. 7. Carpus of non-mammaliamorph Cynodontia. A. Procynosuchus delaharpeae Broom, 1937, RC92, Doornkloof, Graaff-Reinet, South Africa, Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone, Lopingian, right carpus, dorsal view. B. Procynosuchus delaharpeaeBroom 1937, NHMUK PV R 37054, Middle Luangwa Valley, Zambia, Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone, Changshingian, right carpus, dorsal view. C. Galesaurus planiceps Owen 1860, BP/1/2513, Honingkrans, Burgersdorp, South Africa, Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone, Early Triassic, left carpus (reversed), dorsal view. D. Cynognathia indet. BP/1/4534, Hugoskop 620, Roxville, South Africa, Cynognathus Assemblage Zone, Olenekian–Anisian, left carpus (reversed), dorsal view. Photographs (A1–D1) and interpretative drawings (A2–D2). Abbreviations: di, distal carpal; int, intermedium; l ce, lateral centrale; m ce, medial centrale; pis, pisiform; ra, radius; rl, radiale; ul, ulna; ur, ulnare.

Fig. 5 in Evolution and identity of synapsid carpal bones

Fig. 5. Carpus of Dicynodontia. A. Diictodon feliceps (Owen 1876), CGS FL186, Jasfontein, Victoria West, South Africa, Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone, Wuchiapingian, right carpus, dorsal view. B. Eosimops newtoni Broom, 1921, BP/1/6674, Somerfontein, Philipolis District, South Africa, PristerognathusAssemblage Zone, Capitanian–Wuchiapingian, left carpus, ventral view. C. Stahleckeria potens von Huene, 1935, MCZ 1688, Candelaria, Brazil, Santa Maria Formation, Carnian, right carpus, dorsal view. Photographs (A1–C1) and interpretative drawings (A2–C2). Abbreviations: di, distal carpal; int, intermedium; l ce, lateral centrale; m ce, medial centrale; pis, pisiform; ra, radius; rl, radiale; ul, ulna; ur, ulnare. Dotted line, fracture.

Fig. 6 in Evolution and identity of synapsid carpal bones

Fig. 6. Carpus of Gorgonopsia and Therocephalia. A. Gorgonopsia indet. BP/1/1210, Hoeksplaas, Murraysburg, South Africa, Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone, Changhsingian, left carpus (reversed), dorsal view. B. Basal therocephalian Glanosuchus macrops Broom, 1904, SAM-PK-K7809, La-de-da, Beaufort West, South Africa, Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone, Capitanian, left carpus (reversed), dorsal view. C. Therocephalian Tetracynodon darti Sigogneau, 1963, AM 3677, farm Carlton Heights, Pixley ka Seme District, South Africa, Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone, Early Triassic, right carpus, dorsal view (photo courtesy of Gabriela Fontanarrosa). D. Therocephalian Ictidosuchoides longiceps Broom, 1920, CGS CM86-655, Secretaris Kraal 19, Murraysburg, South Africa, Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone, Changhsingian, right carpus, dorsal view. Photographs (A1–D1) and interpretative drawings (A2–D2). Abbreviations: di, distal carpal; int, intermedium; l ce, lateral centrale; m ce, medial centrale; pis, pisiform; ra, radius; rl, radiale; ul, ulna; ur, ulnare.

Fig. 4 in Evolution and identity of synapsid carpal bones

Fig. 4. Carpus of basal Therapsida. A. A biarmosuchian PIN 1758/320, Eshovo, Russia, Roadian, Guadalupian, right carpus, slightly disarticulated, dorsal view. B. Dinocephalian Titanophoneus potens Efremov, 1940, PIN 157/1, Isheevo, Russia, Capitanian, left carpus (reversed), dorsal view. C. Basal anomodontian Galechirus scholtzi Broom, 1907, SAM-PK-1068, Victoria West, South Africa, Capitanian, right carpus, dorsal view (impression). Photographs (A1–C1) and interpretative drawings (A2–C2). Abbreviations: di, distal carpal; int, intermedium; l ce, lateral centrale; m ce, medial centrale; pis, pisiform; p/s, prepollex/sesamoid; ra, radius; rl, radiale; ul, ulna; ur, ulnare.