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2,952 results for “limb”
Figure 3 in An approach to scoring cursorial limb proportions in carnivorous dinosaurs and an attempt to account for allometry
Figure 3. Theropod phylogeny, with CLP scores reported for individual species and average CLP scores reported for larger clades.
Figure 2 in An approach to scoring cursorial limb proportions in carnivorous dinosaurs and an attempt to account for allometry
Figure 2. Log/log plot of femur vs. lower-leg length for the initial dataset of 53 theropod taxa. The red line denotes the best-fit power curve and the dotted lines denote the confidence interval.
Figure 1 in An approach to scoring cursorial limb proportions in carnivorous dinosaurs and an attempt to account for allometry
Figure 1. The general observation that smaller-bodied non-avian theropods tend to have proportionately longer lower legs holds true across comparisons between distantly related taxa (A), closely related taxa (B), and ontogenetic stages within a single taxon (C). All illustrations scaled to the same proximodistal femur length.
Seasonal Variation of Deep Limb of Pacific Meridional Overturning Circulation at Yap-Mariana Junction
<p>This dataset contains deep velocity, temperature, and salinity data. It is supplementary of the paper “Seasonal Variation of Deep Limb of Pacific Meridional Overturning Circulation at Yap-Mariana Junction” published by the Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans (https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC016017). Please let me know if you need any more information.</p>
Figure 3 in A Computational Analysis of Limb and Body Dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with Implications for Locomotion, Ontogeny, and Growth
Figure 3. Models: right lateral view. See Figure 2ı but skeleton scans/models are ordered from top to bottom. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026037.g003
Figure 5. Muscle mass reconstruction method for M in A Computational Analysis of Limb and Body Dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with Implications for Locomotion, Ontogeny, and Growth
Figure 5. Muscle mass reconstruction method for M. caudofemoralis longus (see Methods); Carnegie specimen depicted. Dorsal and right lateral views are shown on topı and in the bottom row are caudal views of the right femur and then caudal vertebrae (8th and 17th). Red shaded volumes are the M. caudofemoralis longus reconstruction. Note a small space for M. caudofemoralis brevis (not reconstructed) is left around the ilium/sacrum and lateral to the CFL insertion. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026037.g005
Figure 2 in A Computational Analysis of Limb and Body Dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with Implications for Locomotion, Ontogeny, and Growth
Figure 2. Models: cranial view. From left to right for each specimen: 3D scan of skeleton (not shown for Jane due to copyright issues)ı minimal modelı and maximal model. Not to scale. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026037.g002
Figure 1 in A Computational Analysis of Limb and Body Dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with Implications for Locomotion, Ontogeny, and Growth
Figure 1. Modelling procedureı showing the Carnegie specimen. From left to rightı top to bottom these show the scannedı reconstructedı and straightened skeleton; the skeleton with elliptical hoops that define fleshy boundaries; the air spaces representing pharynxı sinusesı lungs and other airways including air sacs; and the final meshed reconstruction used for mass and COM estimates. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026037.g001
Data from: Weighing homoplasy against alternative scenarios with the help of macroevolutionary modeling: a case study on limb bones of fossorial sciuromorph rodents
Homoplasy is a strong indicator of a phenotypic trait's adaptive significance when it can be linked to a similar function. We assessed homoplasy in functionally relevant scapular and femoral traits of Marmotini and Xerini, two sciuromorph rodent clades that independently acquired a fossorial lifestyle from an arboreal ancestor. We studied 125 species in the scapular dataset and 123 species in the femoral dataset. Pairwise evolutionary model comparison was used to evaluate whether homoplasy of trait optima is more likely than other plausible scenarios. The most likely trend of trait evolution among all traits was assessed via likelihood scoring of all considered models. The homoplasy hypothesis could never be confirmed as the single most likely model. Regarding likelihood scoring, scapular traits most frequently did not differ among Marmotini, Xerini, and arboreal species. For the majority of femoral traits, results indicate that Marmotini, but not Xerini, evolved away from the ancestral arboreal condition. We conclude on the basis of the scapular results that the forelimbs of fossorial and arboreal sciuromorphs share mostly similar functional demands, whereas the results on the femur indicate that the hind limb morphology is less constraint, perhaps depending on the specific fossorial habitat.
data set related to article Actigraph assessment for measuring upper limb activity in unilateral cerebral palsy
<pre>This record contains raw data related to article Actigraph assessment for measuring upper limb activity in unilateral cerebral palsy</pre>
Sarcomere length non-uniformities dictate force production along the descending limb of the force-length relation
<p>The force-length relation is one of the most defining features of the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction, and yet a topic of debate in the literature. The force-length relation predicts that the force produced by muscle fibers is directly proportional to the degree of overlap between myosin and actin filaments, but several studies have shown forces that are larger than predicted, especially at long sarcomere lengths. The reason for such discrepancies may be due to technical difficulties – studies have been conducted with muscle fibers, a preparation containing thousands of sarcomeres that makes accurate length measurements challanging. The aim of this study was to directly evaluate force production and sarcomere dynamics in isolated myofibrils and single sarcomeres to enhance our understanding about mechanisms governing deviations from the theoretically predicted force-length relation. Contractions at varying sarcomere lengths (SLs) along the plateau (SL=2.25m-2.39m) and the descending limb (SL>2.39m) of the force-length relation were induced by solution switching, and different modes of force measurements were used. Our results show that single sarcomeres and extrapolated forces resemble the theoretical force-length relation closely, while myofibrils with sarcomere length dispersions show an extension of the plateau region and forces elevated above predicted levels. We also found an increase in sarcomere length non-uniformity and slowed rate of force production at long lengths in myofibrils with sarcomeres in series but not in single sarcomere preparations. We conclude that the deviation of the descending limb of the force-length relation obtained from plateau forces is correlated with the degree of sarcomere length non-uniformity and slowed force development.</p>
Data from: BCI training to move a virtual hand reduces phantom limb pain: a randomized crossover trial
<p>Objective: To determine whether training with a brain–computer interface (BCI) to control an image of a phantom hand, which moves based on cortical currents estimated from magnetoencephalographic signals, reduces phantom limb pain.</p> <p>Methods: Twelve patients with chronic phantom limb pain of the upper limb due to amputation or brachial plexus root avulsion participated in a randomized single-blinded crossover trial. Patients were trained to move the virtual hand image controlled by the BCI with a real decoder, which was constructed to classify intact hand movements from motor cortical currents, by moving their phantom hands for 3 days ("real training"). Pain was evaluated using a visual analogue scale (VAS) before and after training, and at follow-up for an additional 16 days. As a control, patients engaged in the training with the same hand image controlled by randomly changing values ("random training"). The two trainings were randomly assigned to the patients. This trial is registered at UMIN-CTR (UMIN000013608).</p> <p>Results: VAS at day 4 was significantly reduced from the baseline after real training (45.3 [24.2] to 30.9 [20.6], 1/100mm, mean [SDs]; P=0.009<0.025), but not after random training (P=0.047>0.025). Compared to VAS at day 1, VAS at days 4 and 8 was significantly reduced by 32% and 36%, respectively, after real training and was significantly lower than VAS after random training (P<0.01).</p> <p>Conclusion: Three-day training to move the hand images controlled by BCI significantly reduced pain for one week.<br> Classification of evidence: This study provides Class &#8546; evidence that BCI reduces phantom limb pain.</p> <p> </p>
HAND2 Targets Define a Network of Transcriptional Regulators that Compartmentalize the Early Limb Bud Mesenchyme
<p>Highlights</p> <p>•</p> <p>ChIP-seq identifies the CRMs bound by endogenous HAND2 in embryos and limb buds</p> <p>•</p> <p>HAND2 controls key transcriptional regulators acting upstream of SHH in limb buds</p> <p>•</p> <p>These transcriptional circuits define proximal, anterior, and posterior identities</p> <p>•</p> <p>HAND2 establishes anterior and posterior compartments by regulating <em>Gli3</em> and <em>Tbx3</em></p>
Data from: Adjunctive clindamycin for cellulitis: clinical trial comparing flucloxacillin with or without clindamycin for the treatment of limb cellulitis
Objective: To compare flucloxacillin with clindamycin to flucloxacillin alone for the treatment of limb cellulitis. Design: Parallel, double-blinded, randomised controlled trial. Setting: Emergency department attendances and general practice referrals within 20 hospitals in England. Interventions: Flucloxacillin, at a minimum of 500 mg 4 times per day for 5 days, with clindamycin 300 mg 4 times per day for 2 days given orally versus flucloxacillin given alone. Main outcome measures: The primary outcome was improvement at day 5. This was defined as being afebrile with either a reduction in affected skin surface temperature or a reduction in the circumference of the affected area. Secondary outcomes included resolution of systemic features, resolution of inflammatory markers, recovery of renal function, reduction in the affected area, decrease in pain, return to work or normal activities and the absence of increased side effects. Results: 410 patients were included in the trial. No significant difference was seen in improvement at day 5 for flucloxacillin with clindamycin (136/156, 87%) versus flucloxacillin alone (140/172, 81%)—OR 1.55 (95% CI 0.81 to 3.01), p=0.174. There was a significant difference in the number of patients with diarrhoea at day 5 in the flucloxacillin with clindamycin allocation (34/160, 22%) versus flucloxacillin alone (16/176, 9%)—OR 2.7 (95% CI 1.41 to 5.07), p=0.002. There was no clinically significant difference in any secondary outcome measures. There was no significant difference in the number of patients stating that they had returned to normal activities at the day 30 interview in the flucloxacillin with clindamycin allocation (99/121, 82%) versus flucloxacillin alone (104/129, 81%)—adjusted OR 0.90 (95% CI 0.44 to 1.84). Conclusions: The addition of a short course of clindamycin to flucloxacillin early on in limb cellulitis does not improve outcome. The addition of clindamycin doubles the likelihood of diarrhoea within the first few days.
Data from: Artificial selection sheds light on developmental mechanisms of limb elongation
Species diversity in limb lengths and proportions is thought to have evolved adaptively in the context of locomotor and habitat specialization, but the heritable cellular processes that drove this evolution within species are poorly understood. In this study, we take a novel "micro-evo-devo" approach, using artificial selection on relative limb length to amplify phenotypic variation in a population of mice, known as Longshanks, to examine the cellular mechanisms of postnatal limb development that contribute to intraspecific limb length variation. Cross-sectional growth data indicate that differences in bone length between Longshanks and random-bred controls are not due to prolonged growth, but to accelerated growth rates. Histomorphometric and cell proliferation assays on proximal tibial growth plates show that Longshanks' increased limb bone length is associated with an increased number of proliferative chondrocytes. In contrast, we find no differences in other growth plate cellular features known to underlie interspecific differences in limb bone size and shape, such as the rates of chondrocyte proliferation or the size and number of hypertrophic cells in the growth plate. These data suggest that small differences among individuals in the number of proliferating chondrocytes are a potentially important determinant of selectable intraspecific variation in individual limb bone lengths, independent of body size.
Data from: Rates of dinosaur limb evolution provide evidence for exceptional radiation in Mesozoic birds
Birds are the most diverse living tetrapod group and are a model of large-scale adaptive radiation. Neontological studies suggest a radiation within the avian crown group, long after the origin of flight. However, deep time patterns of bird evolution remain obscure because only limited fossil data have been considered. We analyse cladogenesis and limb evolution on the entire tree of Mesozoic theropods, documenting the dinosaur–bird transition and immediate origins of powered flight. Mesozoic birds inherited constraints on forelimb evolution from non-flying ancestors, and species diversification rates did not accelerate in the earliest flying taxa. However, Early Cretaceous short-tailed birds exhibit both phenotypic release of the hindlimb and increased diversification rates, unparalleled in magnitude at any other time in the first 155 Myr of theropod evolution. Thus, a Cretaceous adaptive radiation of stem-group birds was enabled by restructuring of the terrestrial locomotor module, which represents a key innovation. Our results suggest two phases of radiation in Avialae: with the Cretaceous diversification overwritten by extinctions of stem-group birds at the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary, and subsequent diversification of the crown group. Our findings illustrate the importance of fossil data for understanding the macroevolutionary processes generating modern biodiversity.
Data from: Cut your losses: self-amputation of injured limbs increases survival
Autotomy, self-induced limb loss, is an extreme trait observed throughout the animal kingdom; lizards drop their tails, crickets release their legs, and crabs drop their claws. These repeated evolutionary origins suggest that autotomy is adaptive. Yet, we do not have a firm understanding of the selective pressures that promote and maintain this extreme trait. Although multiple adaptive hypotheses exist, research has generally focused on autotomy's adaptive value as a form of predator escape. However, autotomy could also be selected to reduce the cost of an injured limb, which we investigate here. Previously, this alternative hypothesis has been challenging to directly test because when an injury occurs on an autotomizable limb, that limb is almost always dropped (i.e., autotomy is behaviorally fixed within populations). Recently, however, we have identified a species, Narnia femorata (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coreidae), where some individuals autotomize limbs in response to injury, but some do not. This natural variation allowed us to investigate both the survival costs of retaining an injured limb and the benefits of autotomizing it. In this study, we find a positive association between autotomizing injured limbs and survival, thereby quantifying a new and likely widespread benefit of autotomy—reducing the cost of injury.
Upper-limb rehabilitation exercises acquired through 29 elastomer strain sensors placed on fabric
<p>A multivariate dataset obtained recording the stretch of various segments of the fabric of a sensorized garment while executing several rehabilitation exercises.</p> <p>Full description in P. Tormene, T. Giorgino, S. Quaglini, M. Stefanelli. <em>Matching incomplete time series with dynamic time warping: an algorithm and an application to post-stroke rehabilitation.</em> Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Volume 45, Issue 1, Pages 11-34, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.artmed.2008.11.007 and in enclosed Readme file.</p>
FIGURES 18–25. Nyikoa limbe n in Two new genera of small, six-eyed pholcid spiders from West Africa, and first record of Spermophorides for mainland Africa (Araneae: Pholcidae)
FIGURES 18–25. Nyikoa limbe n. sp. 18–21. Left procursus, retrolateral (18), ventral (19), dorsal (20) and distal (21) views. 22. Male palpal tarsal organ. 23. Comb hairs ventrally on male tarsus 4. 24. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 25. Male gonopore. Scale lines: 10 µm (22), 30 µm (23, 25), 100 µm (18–21, 24).
FIGURES 13–17. Nyikoa limbe n in Two new genera of small, six-eyed pholcid spiders from West Africa, and first record of Spermophorides for mainland Africa (Araneae: Pholcidae)
FIGURES 13–17. Nyikoa limbe n. sp. 13, 14. Left palp, prolateral and retrolateral views. 15. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 16, 17. Cleared epigynum, ventral and dorsal views. b, bulb; e, putative embolus; p, procursus. Scale lines: 0.2 mm.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.