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FIGURE 6 in Morphological development of Hypophthalmus fimbriatus and H. marginatus post-yolk-sac larvae (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae)

FIGURE 6. Morphological comparison of larvae of a) Hypophthalmus edentatus – 9.25 mm SL (adapted from Nakatani et al., 1998); b) H. fimbriatus – 9.40 mm SL; and c) H. marginatus – 10.29 mm SL.

FIGURE 5 in Morphological development of Hypophthalmus fimbriatus and H. marginatus post-yolk-sac larvae (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae)

FIGURE 5. Body proportions for larvae of Hypophthtalmus fimbriatus and H. marginatus in relation to head width: a) head length; b) body depth; c) pre-pectoral distance; d) pre-dorsal distance; and e) pre-anal distance.

FIGURE 1 in Morphological development of Hypophthalmus fimbriatus and H. marginatus post-yolk-sac larvae (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae)

FIGURE 1. Sampling sites in the Anavilhanas Ecological Station – ESEC, rio Negro, with the substations (A, B, C, D and E) where Hypophthalmus spp. larvae were collected.

FIGURE 4 in Morphological development of Hypophthalmus fimbriatus and H. marginatus post-yolk-sac larvae (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae)

FIGURE 4. Body proportions for larvae of Hypophthalmus fimbriatus and H. marginatus in relation to head length: a) head depth; b) snout length; c) eye diameter; d) interorbital distance and e) head width.

FIGURE 3 in Morphological development of Hypophthalmus fimbriatus and H. marginatus post-yolk-sac larvae (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae)

FIGURE 3. Larval development of Hypophthalmus marginatus. Developmental stages are: a) preflexion (3.95 mm SL); b) early-flexion (6.58 mm SL); c) mid-flexion (8.60 mm SL); d) late-flexion (10.29 mm SL); e) early-postflexion (14.62 mm SL); and f) mid-postflexion (12.98 mm SL). Scale = 1mm.

FIGURE 2 in Morphological development of Hypophthalmus fimbriatus and H. marginatus post-yolk-sac larvae (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae)

FIGURE 2. Larval development of Hypophthalmus fimbriatus. Developmental stages are: a) preflexion (4.20 mm SL); b) early-flexion (7.25 mm SL); c) mid-flexion (9.30 mm SL); d) late-flexion (9.40 mm SL); e) early-postflexion (10.87 mm SL); and f) mid-postflexion (13.28 mm SL). Scale = 1mm.

FIGURE 8 in Postembryonic development of the dorsal chaetotaxy in Seira dowlingi (Collembola, Entomobryidae); with an analysis of the diagnostic and phylogenetic significance of primary chaetotaxy in Seira

FIGURE 8. Synthesis of adult chaetotaxy for abdominal segment IV in Seira sp. described in this study; symbols as in Fig. 1; Most microchaetae around botriothrica T2 and T4, including D1p and T3, are fan-shaped.

FIGURES 1–2. 1 in Postembryonic development of the dorsal chaetotaxy in Seira dowlingi (Collembola, Entomobryidae); with an analysis of the diagnostic and phylogenetic significance of primary chaetotaxy in Seira

FIGURES 1–2. 1, Synthesis of adult dorsal head chaetotaxy in Seira blanca, S. brasiliana, S. desapercibida, S. dowlingi and S. steinmetzi; 2, Seta types present in Seira.

FIGURE 84 in Postembryonic development of the dorsal chaetotaxy in Seira dowlingi (Collembola, Entomobryidae); with an analysis of the diagnostic and phylogenetic significance of primary chaetotaxy in Seira

FIGURE 84. Dorsal chaetotaxy of fourth abdominal segment in Seira annulicornis, redrawn from Szeptycki (1979).

FIGURES 5–7 in Postembryonic development of the dorsal chaetotaxy in Seira dowlingi (Collembola, Entomobryidae); with an analysis of the diagnostic and phylogenetic significance of primary chaetotaxy in Seira

FIGURES 5–7. Synthesis of adult chaetotaxy for abdominal segments 1–3 in Seira sp., described in this study; symbols as in Fig. 1; 5, Abdomen I; 6, Abdomen II, most microchaetae around botriothrica m2 and a5, including m3ea, are fanshaped; 7, Abdomen, III double-headed arrow points to alternate insertion of m4, most microchaetae around botriothrica m2, a5 and m5 are fan-shaped.

FIGURES 80–83 in Postembryonic development of the dorsal chaetotaxy in Seira dowlingi (Collembola, Entomobryidae); with an analysis of the diagnostic and phylogenetic significance of primary chaetotaxy in Seira

FIGURES 80–83. Dorsal chaetotaxy of fourth abdominal segment; 80, Seira blanca; 81, S. steinmetzi; 82, S. desapercibida; 83, S. brasiliana.

FIGURES 27–30 in Postembryonic development of the dorsal chaetotaxy in Seira dowlingi (Collembola, Entomobryidae); with an analysis of the diagnostic and phylogenetic significance of primary chaetotaxy in Seira

FIGURES 27–30. Adult dorsal head chaetotaxy; 27, Seira dowlingi; 28, S. desapercibida; 29, S. brasiliana; 30, S. blanca.

FIGURES 3–4 in Postembryonic development of the dorsal chaetotaxy in Seira dowlingi (Collembola, Entomobryidae); with an analysis of the diagnostic and phylogenetic significance of primary chaetotaxy in Seira

FIGURES 3–4. Synthesis of adult thorax chaetotaxy in Seira sp. described in this study; symbols as in Fig. 1; 3, Mesothorax; 4, Metathorax, double-headed arrows point to alternate insertions of a6 and m6p.

FIGURE 10 in A new frog family (Anura: Terrarana) from South America and an expanded direct-developing clade revealed by molecular phylogeny

FIGURE 10. Phylogeny of nobleobatrachian frogs represented by selected species and constructed using sequences from 9 genes. The tree is rooted with Rana temporaria (not shown). Support values (ML bootstrap/Bayesian posterior probability/MP bootstrap) are indicated at nodes. Bayesian and MP support values are not given in cases where those phylogenies conflicted with the ML phylogeny.

FIGURE 9 in A new frog family (Anura: Terrarana) from South America and an expanded direct-developing clade revealed by molecular phylogeny

FIGURE 9. (A) Bayesian and (B) maximum parsimony phylogenies of nobleobatrachian frogs represented by selected genera and constructed using sequences from 17 genes. The trees are rooted with Ranidae (not shown). Support values (Bayesian posterior probabilities or MP bootstrap values) are indicated at nodes.

FIGURE 8 in A new frog family (Anura: Terrarana) from South America and an expanded direct-developing clade revealed by molecular phylogeny

FIGURE 8. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of nobleobatrachian frogs represented by selected genera and constructed using sequences from 17 genes. The tree is rooted with Ranidae (not shown). Bootstrap support values are indicated at nodes. Higher classification is indicated to the right.

FIGURE 6 in A new frog family (Anura: Terrarana) from South America and an expanded direct-developing clade revealed by molecular phylogeny

FIGURE 6. High-resolution tomographs of terraranan frogs representing two families (left, dorsal view; right, ventral view). (A–B) Brachycephalidae, Ischnocnema guentheri (KU 92816); (C–D) Craugastoridae, Haddadus binotatus (KU 92808). Scale bars = 5 mm.

FIGURE 5 in A new frog family (Anura: Terrarana) from South America and an expanded direct-developing clade revealed by molecular phylogeny

FIGURE 5. Habitat of Ceuthomantis smaragdinus at 1540 m on Mt. Kopinang, Guyana. The holotype was found about 5 m from the stream in the foreground in Figure 5A; the paratype was found on a leaf about 10 m away from the other side of the stream slightly to the left of the middle of Figure 5B. Photographs by D. B. Means.

FIGURE 11 in A new frog family (Anura: Terrarana) from South America and an expanded direct-developing clade revealed by molecular phylogeny

FIGURE 11. Timetree of nobleobatrachian frogs represented by selected genera and estimated with a Bayesian analysis of sequences from 9 genes, based on a topology obtained from the ML analysis of 17 genes (Figure 8). Numbers on nodes refer to time estimates and credibility intervals of time estimates (Table 2); those in bold are nodes discussed in the text. Illustrations portray the major reproductive modes of the genera and families, with most direct-developing species (i.e., no aquatic larvae) contained in Terrarana (Ceuthomantidae and four other families) that nearly always lay eggs on substrate, and Hemiphractidae that carry their eggs on their backs. Nearly all other nobleobatrachians have aquatic larvae (e.g., tadpoles).

FIGURE 7 in A new frog family (Anura: Terrarana) from South America and an expanded direct-developing clade revealed by molecular phylogeny

FIGURE 7. High-resolution tomographs of terraranan frogs representing two families (left, dorsal view; right, ventral view). (A–B) Eleutherodactylidae, Eleutherodactylus gossei (SBH 266440; and (C–D) Strabomantidae, Pristimantis pulvinatus (KU 166368). Scale bars = 5 mm.