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Fig. 25 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 25. Coracoids of selected penguin taxa, illustrating phylogenetic characters: (A) the stem penguin Archaeospheniscus lowei (OM GL407); (B) extant Aptenodytes forsteri (AMNH 3767). The bone is incomplete in A, causing the proximal end to appear less widened. Broken edges suggest that the coracoid fenestra was originally completely enclosed in A. Scale bars 5 1 cm. See appendix 5 for abbreviations.

Fig. 16 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 16. Strict consensus of 480 MPTs of 4494 steps from the analysis including the type B humerus (IB/P/B-0382) as a separate terminal.

Fig. 23 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 23. Quadrates of selected penguin taxa, illustrating phylogenetic characters: (A) the stem penguin Icadyptes salasi (MUSM 897); (B) extant Spheniscus demersus (NSM 6294). See appendix 5 for abbreviations.

Fig. 30 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 30. Tarsometatarsi of selected penguin taxa, illustrating phylogenetic characters: the stem penguins (A) Waimanu manneringi (CM zfa35), (B) Palaeeudyptes klekowskii (UCMP 321486), and (C) Anthropornis sp. (UCMP 321023), and (D) extant Spheniscus magellanicus (AMNH 24679). Scale bars 5 1 cm. See appendix 5 for abbreviations.

Fig. 15 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 15. Results of iterative analyses testing the effect of assigning character codings from isolated elements to species terminals. Strict consensus of 1503 MPTs of 4494 steps from the analysis applying codings from IB/P/B-0382 (type B humerus) to the Marambiornis exilis terminal. An identical strict consensus topology resulted from the permutations adding the type B humerus codings to the Mesetaornis polaris terminal.

Fig. 12 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 12. Single most parsimonious tree from analysis of 44 morphological characters by Acosta Hospitaleche et al. (2007, 2008).

Fig. 21 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 21. Phylogeny of Sphenisciformes calibrated to the stratigraphic record. Ghost lineages (Norell, 1992) are minimized. Dotted lines extending the range of clade 7 are based on identification of fragmentary fossils of late Eocene age to this clade. We utilize age ranges for Spheniscus urbinai and Spheniscus megaramphus provided by Stucchi (2007). Most penguins from the La Meseta Formation occur in Telm 7 (34.2–36.1 Ma), but a few species have been reported from lower units (see Myrcha et al., 2002; Jadwiszczak, 2006a), accounting for the extended ranges of Delphinornis larseni, Anthropornis grandis, and Palaeeudyptes gunnari. A specimen from the Chilcatay Formation (see fig. 1) referred to Palaeospheniscus sp. by Acosta Hospitaleche and Stucchi (2005) is provisionally referred to Palaeospheniscus patagonicus (Ksepka, 2007), accounting for the longer range of this taxon. For taxa that are poorly constrained in age, the midpoint of possible ages is used (e.g., Marplesornis is placed at the late Miocene). Geographical locality for fossil taxa and breeding range of extant taxa are provided in parentheses following taxa names. Asterisks indicate taxa with extensive breeding ranges including oceanic islands (see Bertelli and Giannini [2005] for more data on these species). Abbreviations: AF, Africa; AN, Antarctica; AU, Australia; NZ, New Zealand and surrounding islands; SA, South America.

Fig. 19 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 19. Results of iterative analyses testing the effect of assigning character codings from isolated elements to species terminals. Strict consensus of 930 MPTs of 4493 steps from the analysis applying codings from the Tonniornis mesetaensis holotype humerus to the Mesetaornis polaris terminal. An identical strict consensus topology resulted from the permutations adding the Tonniornis mesetaensis humerus codings to the Mesetaornis polaris terminal.

Fig. 20 in The Basal Penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes Devriesi And A Phylogenetic Evaluation Of The Penguin Fossil Record

Fig. 20. Strict consensus of 1400 MPTs of 4492 steps from the analysis including the Tonniornis mesetaensis and Tonniornis minimum holotype humeri as separate terminals.

Figure 10 in A new species of crown-antlered deer Stephanocemas (Artiodactyla, Cervidae) from the middle Miocene of Qaidam Basin, northern Tibetan Plateau, China, and a preliminary evaluation of its phylogeny

Figure 10. Species ranges, phyletic relationship, and zoogeographical positions of the Paradicrocerus–Stephanocemas clade. Most of the species ranges are approximate. Phyletic relationship is based on one of the shortest trees in our cladistic analysis, and some indeterminate taxa not included in the cladogram are inserted here based on our estimates of their relationships. The antlers are scaled to their approximate relative size, and dashed lines are mostly our own reconstructions of missing tines.

Figure 9 in A new species of crown-antlered deer Stephanocemas (Artiodactyla, Cervidae) from the middle Miocene of Qaidam Basin, northern Tibetan Plateau, China, and a preliminary evaluation of its phylogeny

Figure 9. Strict consensus of four shortest trees (tree length = 12) of the Paradicrocerus–Stephanocemas clade found by the branch and bound option of the PAUP program on a ten taxa ¥ nine characters data matrix (Table 1).

Figure 8. IVPP V15726 in A new species of crown-antlered deer Stephanocemas (Artiodactyla, Cervidae) from the middle Miocene of Qaidam Basin, northern Tibetan Plateau, China, and a preliminary evaluation of its phylogeny

Figure 8. IVPP V15726, Stephanocemas sp. from IVPP locality CD0406. A, dorsal, and B, ventral views of antler fragment. Scale is for both views.

Figure 6. IVPP V15724 in A new species of crown-antlered deer Stephanocemas (Artiodactyla, Cervidae) from the middle Miocene of Qaidam Basin, northern Tibetan Plateau, China, and a preliminary evaluation of its phylogeny

Figure 6. IVPP V15724, referred specimen of Stephanocemas palmatus sp. nov. A, dorsal, B, ventral, and C, medial views of posterior palm portion of a juvenile antler.

Figure 7. IVPP V15725 in A new species of crown-antlered deer Stephanocemas (Artiodactyla, Cervidae) from the middle Miocene of Qaidam Basin, northern Tibetan Plateau, China, and a preliminary evaluation of its phylogeny

Figure 7. IVPP V15725, Stephanocemas sp. from IVPP locality CD9818. A, stereophoto of dorsal view, B, lateral view, and C, ventral view of partial antler.

Figure 5. IVPP V15723 in A new species of crown-antlered deer Stephanocemas (Artiodactyla, Cervidae) from the middle Miocene of Qaidam Basin, northern Tibetan Plateau, China, and a preliminary evaluation of its phylogeny

Figure 5. IVPP V15723, referred specimen of Stephanocemas palmatus sp. nov. A, dorsal, and B, ventral views of palm portion of antler.

Figure 4. IVPP V15722 in A new species of crown-antlered deer Stephanocemas (Artiodactyla, Cervidae) from the middle Miocene of Qaidam Basin, northern Tibetan Plateau, China, and a preliminary evaluation of its phylogeny

Figure 4. IVPP V15722, left antler without pedicel, holotype of Stephanocemas palmatus sp. nov. from Qaidam Basin, northern Tibetan Plateau. A, medial, and B, ventral views. Left is posterior and right is anterior.

Figure 3 in A new species of crown-antlered deer Stephanocemas (Artiodactyla, Cervidae) from the middle Miocene of Qaidam Basin, northern Tibetan Plateau, China, and a preliminary evaluation of its phylogeny

Figure 3. Stereophoto of dorsal view of IVPP V15722, left antler without pedicel, holotype of Stephanocemas palmatus sp. nov. from Qaidam Basin, northern Tibetan Plateau. Top is posterior and bottom is anterior.

Figure 2 in A new species of crown-antlered deer Stephanocemas (Artiodactyla, Cervidae) from the middle Miocene of Qaidam Basin, northern Tibetan Plateau, China, and a preliminary evaluation of its phylogeny

Figure 2. Satellite image of the Barun Yawula anticline, with key fossil localities and their relative stratigraphical positions indicated. The east–west trending fold is asymmetrical with the south limb dipping more steeply than the north limb. A prominent resistant bed (a dark–light band combination, indicated by black dashed lines) within the rusty green sandstones layers helps to trace stratigraphical relationships between localities in eastern and western ends of the anticline, although multiple faults (with offsets ranging from 50 to 500 m), particularly those in the eastern end, complicate correlations. White lines are the measured section.

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Figure 8. A in A new species of Cymbospondylus (Diapsida, Ichthyosauria) from the Middle Triassic of Nevada and a re-evaluation of the skull osteology of the genus

Figure 8. A, drawing of cervical vertebrae 5–8 and presacral vertebrae 26 and 27 as example for the vertebral structures in specimen FMNH PR2251. B, drawing of neural arches 9–12 of specimen FMNH PR2251. Anterior is to the right. Scale bar = 5 cm.