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9,671 results for “Leaf”
The Arabidopsis Leaf Quantitative Atlas: a cellular and subcellular mapping through unified data integration
<p>Additional data accompanying Tolleter et. al. The Arabidopsis Leaf Quantitative Atlas: a cellular and subcellular mapping through unified data integration <em>Quantitative Plant Biology</em>. 2024.</p> <p>Quantitative analyses and models are required to connect a plant's cellular organization with its metabolism. However, quantitative data are often scattered over multiple studies, and finding such data and converting them into useful information is time consuming. Consequently, there is a need to centralize the available data and to highlight the remaining knowledge gaps. Here, we present a step-by-step approach to manually extract quantitative data from various information sources, and to unify the data format. First, data from Arabidopsis leaf were collated, checked for consistency and correctness, and curated by cross-checking sources. Second, quantitative data were combined by applying calculation rules. They were then integrated into a unique comprehensive, referenced, modifiable and reusable data compendium representing an Arabidopsis reference leaf. This atlas contains the metrics of the 15 cell types found in leaves at the cellular and subcellular levels.</p> <p>Table_S1_2023_12_12.xlsx: All supplementary data relating to the Arabidopsis Leaf Quantitative Atlas</p> <p>ChloroKB data export.ipynb: A jupyter notebook containing code to convert Quantitative_data_2023_12_13.xlsx (from http://umr5558-chlorokb.univ-lyon1.fr:8080/ChloroKB_Grails/static/images/csv/Quantitative_data.csv) into Table_S5_2023_12_13.xlsx.</p> <p>Variable_conversion_table.xlsx ,Localisation_conversion_table.xlsx, Localisation_conversion_table_isolated_organelles.xlsx: Conversion factors required by ChloroKB data export.ipynb for unit conversion. </p>
Projected future autumn leaf phenology of deciduous trees
<p><span>Autumn leaf phenology (i.e. leaf colouring or leaf senescence) marks the end of the growing season, during which trees assimilate atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>. Since autumn leaf phenology responds to climatic conditions, climate change affects the length of the growing season. Thus, autumn phenology is often modelled to assess possible climate change effects on future CO<sub>2</sub> mitigating capacities and species compositions of forests.</span></p> <p><span>Here, we give access to the entire dataset of projected autumn phenology analyzed in Meier and Bigler (2023). The data was derived from different combinations of 21 process-oriented phenology models, 5 optimization algorithms, ≥7 sampling procedures, and 26 climate model chains from two representative concentration pathways. The dataset contains the average autumn phenology per site and for the years 2080-2099 according to each combination that led to a successful calibration. Calibration and validation were based on >45 000 observations for common beech (<em>Fagus sylvatica L.</em>), pedunculate oak (<em>Quercus robur L.</em>), and European larch (<em>Larix decidua Mill</em>.) from 500 Central European sites each.</span></p> <p><span>Cite as Meier, M., & Bigler, C. (2023). Process-oriented models of autumn leaf phenology: Ways to sound calibration and implications of uncertain projections. <em>Geoscientific Model Development</em>, 16(23), 7171–7201. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7171-2023</span></p>
Leaf-level resistance to frost, drought and heat covaries across European temperate tree seedlings
<p>Most trees die as seedlings, with harsh environmental conditions, such as early-spring frosts and summer heat waves, being important drivers of early mortality. However, it remains unclear whether tolerance to different environmental extremes (e.g. frost vs. heat) trades-off, or covaries synergistically and how stress tolerances relate to growth rates and life history strategies. Given the likely role of extreme environmental conditions as environmental filters, the ability to tolerate different stressors at the seedling stage could shape the occurrence and composition of present and future forests.</p> <p>We explored the relationships between different leaf-level stress tolerances, functional traits and geographic distributions across 22 species of temperate European tree seedlings. We measured indicators of tolerance to frost, drought and heat and related these values to growth rates and to important functional traits (e.g., leaf mass per area, stem specific density). Finally, we explored the links between measured seedling stress tolerances and climatic niche limits inferred from adult trees' distributions.</p> <p>We found that seedlings of most species were either moderately tolerant to all three stressors, or susceptible to all of them. Moreover, higher stress tolerances were associated with traits describing slower growth and lower competitive ability. However, seedling tolerances to climatic factors were unrelated to the environmental limits of their adult geographic distributions.</p> <p><em>Synthesis.</em> Our results suggest that temperate tree seedlings might not experience trade-offs when facing an increase in multiple extreme climate stressors, but may experience trade-offs related to growth rate and competitive ability in the establishment phase. The lack of correlation between leaf-level stress tolerances and the environmental limits of adult geographic distributions suggests that predicting species' current or future geographic distributions in Europe will require a more nuanced understanding of how climatic tolerances at juvenile and adult stages influence range limits. A better understanding of the interaction between survival in extreme climate, leaf-level stress tolerances of seedlings, and the factors driving species distributions is needed to understand future forest responses to climate change.</p>
Fossilized Fern Leaf
Photoscan of a fossil leaf in rock. Created in Agisoft Photoscan. No cleanup. Each half composed of 160 images. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Antique Buddha Carving with Gold Leaf
Antique buddha carved from timber (sp. unknown) with gold leaf, originating from Thailand. #opensourcesarawak #borneo Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Leaf
Leaf scanned by Thunk3D archer S Whatsapp/phone/wechat: +86 18518781107 Email:daicy@thunk3d.com Facebook:www.facebook.com/qinqin.li.77 Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/daicy-li-399b82119/ Titter: https://twitter.com/DaicyLi Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Leaf Blade Sword
A sword with a leaf-shaped blade. Good for fantasy and based on a historical example. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Leaf sculpture
A sculpture in front of the Market of the Old port of Quebec ! 23 photos taken with a Sony A5000. Model created with Smart3DCapture. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Door leaf from the house of Szymon Kluger
Full name: **Door leaf from the house of Szymon Kluger in Oświęcim, Poland** Door leaf from the over century-old Kluger Family House in Oświęcim, preserved before the 2013-14 renovation of the building. In all probability the door led from the kitchen to the corridor. At present, it is part of the interior design of Café Bergson, run by the Auschwitz Jewish Center (AJC). **For more images and further information, visit:** https://muzea.malopolska.pl/pl/lista-obiektow/3014 Inventory number: MZ-414-O Localisation of the physical object: [Auschwitz Jewish Center](https://ajcf.pl/en/), Oświęcim, Poland **Digitalisation: Regional Digitalisation Lab, Małopolska Institute of Culture in Kraków, Poland; "Virtual Museums of Małopolska" project** Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Terracotta lamp with vine-leaf frieze
Item held in the Hellenic and Roman Library at the Institute of Classical Studies in London, bequethed by Victor Ehrenberg. Dated to the 1st century A.D. Length 10cm. Roman. ©Yuxin Gan and the Institute of Classical Studies Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Data from: Different dynamics and controls of enzyme activities of leaf and root litter during decomposition
<p>Litter enzyme dynamics are strongly shaped by litter, soil, and microbial attributes during decomposition, however, enzyme dynamics of leaf and root litter remains unresolved due to contrasting differences in rates and controls on leaf and root litter decomposition.</p> <p>Herein, we conducted a 784-day field experiment to evaluate the relative importance of litter, alkaline soil, and microbial attributes to enzyme activities and their C:N:P stoichiometry of leaf and root litter during decomposition under subtropical land use change of China.</p> <p>We found that only the C- and N-acquiring enzyme activities of shrub leaves were greater than those of wood and crop, and there was no significant difference in P-acquiring enzyme activity among the three species of leaves. Both the C- and P-acquiring enzyme activities of crop roots were significantly lower than those of afforested lands (i.e., woodland and shrubland). The N-acquiring activities of wood roots were significantly lower than those of shrub and crop. At the temporal dynamics, the C-, N-, and P-acquiring enzyme activities of the leaves decreased with mass loss, which was affected by the shift in litter nutrients (e.g., N and P) and soil moisture during decomposition. In contrast, the three enzyme activities of roots increased with mass loss, largely due to the increase in microbial biomass of bacteria regulated by litter stoichiometry. The enzymatic C:nutrient (N and P) ratios declined with mass loss, but the enzymatic P:N ratios remained relatively constant with mass loss during the leaf litter decomposition. Whereas, both of the enzymatic C:nutrient ratios and enzymatic P:N ratios decreased with mass during the root litter decomposition. Our results showed that the enzymatic C:N:P stoichiometry of decaying leaves and roots was predominantly predicted by microbial biomass and bacterial biomass, respectively.</p> <p>Overall, we outlined the pattern of contrasting contributions of litter, soil, and microbial attributes to enzyme dynamics during decomposition, which provided a framework for better understanding litter C, N, and P dynamics in relation to microbial resource allocation strategy during decomposition.</p>
Global leaf chlorophyll content product from MERIS imagery (GLOBMAP MERIS LCC)
<p>Leaf chlorophyll content (LCC) is an indicator of plant physiological function and is an important parameter in estimating the carbon and water fluxes of terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we produced a new global 7-day LCC product (GLOBMAP MERIS LCC) at 300-m resolution from 2003.01 to 2012.03 using a neural network model based on radiative transfer model simulations from CCI MERIS surface reflectance data. It shows an improvement over the previous MERIS LCC product in capturing LCC seasonal variations in different plant functional types.</p> <p><strong>The following paper should be cited when using the data:</strong><br>Xu, M., Liu, R., Chen, J.M., Shang, R., Liu, Y., Qi, L., Croft, H., Ju, W., Zhang, Y., He, Y., Qiu, F., Li, J., Lin, Q., 2022. Retrieving global leaf chlorophyll content from MERIS data using a neural network method. Isprs J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. 192, 66–82. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2022.08.003">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2022.08.003</a>.</p> <p><strong>Due to the data volume limitation of Zenodo, the data we uploaded here are an example tile (h59v10) at 300-m resolution and a global 0.05° composition of multi-year average LCC with a 7-day interval</strong><strong>. The original dataset of GLOBMAP MERIS LCC product can be downloaded through Google Drive sharing link:</strong></p> <p><a href="https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1HNlBI2hHeUAW-o7HCgLOxbUEh1ak4AX2?usp=sharing">https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1HNlBI2hHeUAW-o7HCgLOxbUEh1ak4AX2?usp=sharing</a></p> <p><strong>Data format description:<br></strong>Data type: int16<br>Projection: GCS_WGS_1984<br>Scaling factor: 0.1<br>Unit: ug/cm2</p> <p><strong>Related dataset: </strong>Mingzhu Xu, Ronggao Liu, Jing M. Chen, Yang Liu, & Rong Shang. (2021). Global leaf chlorophyll content (LCC) product from MODIS imagery (2000-2020) (Version V1) [Data set]. Zenodo. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5805575">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5805575</a></p> <p>For any other questions, please send email to Mingzhu Xu (<a href="mailto:xumzhu@gmail.com">xumzhu@gmail.com</a>).</p>
Data from: Intraspecific leaf trait variation mediates edge effects on litter decomposition rate in fragmented forests
<p>There is strong trait dependence in species-level responses to environmental change and their cascading effects on ecosystem functioning. However, there is little understanding of whether intraspecific trait variation (ITV) can also be an important mechanism mediating environmental effects on ecosystem functioning. This is surprising, given that global change processes such as habitat fragmentation and the creation of forest edges drive strong trait shifts within species. On 20 islands in the Thousand Island Lake, China, we quantified intraspecific leaf trait shifts of a widely distributed shrub species, <em>Vaccinium carlesii</em>, in response to habitat fragmentation. Using a reciprocal transplant decomposition experiment between forest edge and interior on 11 islands with varying areas, we disentangled the relative effects of intraspecific leaf trait variation vs. altered environmental conditions on leaf decomposition rates in forest fragments. We found strong intraspecific variation in leaf traits in response to edge effects, with a shift towards recalcitrant leaves with low specific leaf area and high leaf dry matter content from forest interior to the edge. Using structural equation modelling, we showed that such intraspecific leaf trait response to habitat fragmentation had translated into significant plant afterlife effects on leaf decomposition, leading to decreased leaf decomposition rates from the forest interior to the edge. Importantly, the effects of intraspecific leaf trait variation were additive to and stronger than the effects from local environmental changes due to edge effects and habitat loss. Our experiment provides the first quantitative study showing that intraspecific leaf trait response to edge effects is an important driver of the decrease in leaf decomposition rate in fragmented forests. By extending the trait-based response-effect framework towards the individual level, intraspecific variation in leaf economics traits can provide the missing functional link between environmental change and ecological processes. These findings suggest an important area for future research on incorporating ITV to understand and predict changes in ecosystem functioning in the context of global change.</p>
The interplay between defaunation and phylogenetic diversity affect leaf damage by natural enemies in tropical plants
<ol> <li>Natural enemies play an important role in controlling plant population growth and vegetation dynamics. Tropical rainforests host the greatest diversity of herbivores, from large mammalian ungulates to microscopic pathogens, generating and maintaining plant diversity.</li> <li>By feeding on the same resources, large mammalian herbivores may interfere with plant consumption and leaf damage by important enemy guilds such as invertebrate herbivores and pathogens, triggering indirect trophic cascades. However, the impact of local extinctions of large herbivores on plant-enemy interactions is relatively unknown.</li> <li>We experimentally tested the effects of defaunation of large mammalian herbivores (e.g., peccaries, tapirs, brocket deer; hereafter, large herbivores) on leaf damage of 3,350 understory plants in tropical rainforests of Brazil. We examined leaf damage in 10,050 leaves from 333 morphospecies by assigning the area consumed or damaged by five guilds of insect herbivores and leaf pathogens within 86 paired open-closed plots and investigated the joint effects of defaunation and plant phylogenetic diversity.</li> <li>Plants released from large herbivores had 9% less leaf damage; this difference was due to the lower leaf pathogens incidence (29%) rather than insect herbivory. Evolutionary Distinctness was similarly and positively correlated with leaf damage in all treatments, suggesting additive effects of defaunation and phylogenetic diversity. Total and pathogenic leaf damage (but not insect damage) decreased with plant richness across treatments, and large herbivores' exclusion resulted in increased plant species richness. This suggests that large herbivores' exclusion leads to a dilution of total and pathogens' leaf damage by increasing plant species richness.</li> <li>Our results suggest that large herbivores' indirect effects decrease the dilution potential of plant communities against pathogens and rather reinforce their top-down impact on vegetation, demonstrating a previously overlooked cascading effect of large herbivore extinction on forest ecosystems.</li> <li> <em>Synthesis</em>: The extinction of large mammalian herbivores can lead to a decrease in pathogen-driven leaf damage, a previously unknown indirect effect in forest ecosystems, which might have consequences for plant fitness and ultimately for plant diversity. Large herbivores and plant pathogens might have synergistic effects in regulating the diversity of plant communities in some of the most diverse ecosystems on Earth.</li> </ol>
Supplementary data for Inter-provenance variability and phenotypic plasticity of wood and leaf traits related to hydraulic safety and efficiency in seven European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) provenances differing in yield
<p>Dataset and supplementary file for <strong>Inter-provenance variability and phenotypic plasticity of wood and leaf traits related to hydraulic safety and efficiency in seven European beech (<em>Fagus sylvatica</em> L.) provenances differing in yield </strong>paper.</p> <p>The ANFS_data file includes individual level measurements of xylem safety and efficiency traits, leaf traits and growth among 7 provenances planted at two common garden sites in Germany and Slovakia. More details related to the methodology might be found in the published paper by Kurjak et al. 2024.</p> <p>The ANFS_supplementary file includes the test for differences in distance to tip between sites and provenances, based on the branch diameter-branch length scaling.</p>
Effects of leaf litter traits on terrestrial isopod and millipede consumption, assimilation and growth
<ol> <li>Nutrient cycling through leaf litter consumption is an essential ecological function performed by macrodetritivorous invertebrates such as isopods and millipedes. Leaf litter consumption rates can vary greatly depending on the environment, consumer identity, and litter traits, but generalizations about the effects of plant traits on macrodetritivore leaf litter consumption, assimilation and growth are not well established and mostly indirectly inferred.</li> <li>We conducted a systematic search of the global literature and obtained 456 standardized measures from laboratory experiments of relative consumption (RCR), assimilation (RAR) and growth (RGR) rates of terrestrial isopods and millipedes, extracted from 56 different articles. We investigated if commonly measured leaf traits, plant functional groups, prior microbial conditioning of leaves, and climatic conditions affected these rates. We obtained data on commonly measured leaf traits from the TRY global plant trait database, inferred plant functional groups from taxonomic groupings, and obtained climatic data from information reported within articles.</li> <li>RCR, RAR and RGR varied greatly among macrodetritivore and plant species, but overall, there were no differences between isopods and millipedes. Microbial conditioning of litter greatly increased RCR. Plant functional group was an important predictor of RCR, with eudicot trees and forbs being consumed in greater quantities than magnoliid trees and grasses. Fresh leaf N:P ratio had a positive effect on RAR, and leaf N and C:N ratio had positive and negative effects on RGR respectively, while climatic variables had weak effects on the three rates.</li> <li>Our work shows that plant traits (both those associated with plant functional groups and commonly measured leaf traits) exert strong effects on resource processing rates by terrestrial macrodetritivores. Further, prior microbial conditioning of leaf litter has a large and globally consistent positive effect on macrodetritivore litter consumption, suggesting that they may consume little, if any, freshly senesced leaf material when microbially conditioned litter is available. Our results suggest that, where extremes of temperature or precipitation do not occur, variables reflective of food quality (leaf traits and microbe conditioning) are more important drivers of macrodetritivore leaf litter consumption than are extrinsic climatic variables.</li> </ol>
Ancient insect vision tuned for flight amongst rocks and plants underpins natural flower colour diversity - rock, mineral, stick, bark, leaf, bird- and insect-flower petal reflectance spectra
<p>Understanding the origins of flower colour signalling to pollinators is fundamental to evolutionary biology and ecology. Flower colour evolves under pressure from visual systems of pollinators, like birds and insects, to establish global signatures among flowers with similar pollinators. However, an understanding of the ancient origins of this relationship remains elusive. Here, we employ computer simulations to generate artificial flower backgrounds assembled from real material sample spectra of rocks, leaves, and dead plant materials, against which to test flowers' visibility to birds and bees. Our results indicate how flower colours differ from their backgrounds in strength, and the distributions of salient reflectance features when perceived by these key pollinators, to reveal the possible origins of their colours. Since Hymenopteran visual perception evolved before flowers, the terrestrial chromatic context for its evolution to facilitate flight and orientation consisted of rocks, leaves, sticks, and bark. Flowers exploited these pre-evolved visual capacities of their visitors, and in response evolved chromatic features to signal to bees, and differently to birds, against a backdrop of other natural materials. Consequently, it appears that today's flower colours may be an evolutionary response to the vision of diurnal pollinators navigating their world millennia prior to the first flowers.</p>
Data from: The impact of plant genetic variation, drought, and leaf nitrogen on plant-herbivore interactions
<p>Plant genotype, drought stress, and their interaction are among the factors contributing to the susceptibility of plants to herbivory. The plant's nitrogen concentration, a critical and often limiting nutrient, differs with plant genotype and drought. Still, few studies have investigated the impact of the interaction of genotype and drought on herbivory and plant nitrogen. We established a common garden in Duluth, MN, of tall goldenrod, <em>Solidago altissima,</em> collected from a local Minnesota site to analyze the effects of goldenrod genotype and drought stress on leaf nitrogen and the preference and performance of the chrysanthemum lace bug, <em>Corythucha marmorata</em>. Lace bugs had oviposition, nymph, and adult preferences among host plant genotypes, water treatments, and among genotype and water treatment combinations. Nymph and adult survival and adult mass varied significantly due to plant genotype, water treatment, the interaction of plant and water treatment, and the interaction of treatment with lace bug density. Oviposition preference and offspring performance were significantly positively related. Leaf nitrogen increased with the increasing severity of the water limitation in the absence of lace bugs. However, in the presence of lace bugs, there was no difference in nitrogen among water treatments.</p>
Leaf and shoot apical meristem transcriptomes of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in response to photoperiod and plant development
<p>Our study focused on identifying key genes regulating flowering time and photoperiod response in quinoa. We examined the timing of photoperiod-induced floral transition and analyzed transcriptomes in photoperiod-sensitive and -insensitive quinoa accessions' leaf and shoot apical meristems. Histological analysis showed that floral transition in quinoa initiates two to three weeks after sowing. We found four groups of differentially expressed genes annotated in the QQ74-V2 reference genome that responded to plant development and floral transition, (i) 222 genes responsive to photoperiod in leaves, (ii) 1,812 genes differentially expressed between accessions under long-day conditions in leaves, (iii) 57 genes responding to developmental changes between weeks under short-day conditions in leaves, and (iv) 911 genes responding to floral transition within the shoot apical meristem. Interestingly, among numerous candidate genes, two<em> </em>putative <em>FT</em> orthologues and others (e.g., <em>SOC1</em>, <em>COL</em>, <em>AP1</em>) have been reported as key regulators of flowering time in other species. Additionally, we used co-expression networks to associate novel transcripts to a putative biological process based on the annotated genes within the same co-expression cluster. The candidate genes in this study would benefit quinoa breeding by identifying and integrating their beneficial haplotypes in crossing programs to develop adapted cultivars to diverse environmental conditions.</p> <p>We examined the timing of photoperiod-induced floral transition and analyzed transcriptomes in photoperiod-sensitive and -insensitive quinoa accessions' leaf and shoot apical meristems. Histological analysis revealed floral transition initiating two to three weeks after sowing. Differentially expressed genes were categorized in the QQ74-V2 reference genome, encompassing 222 genes responsive to photoperiod in leaves, 1,812 genes under long-day conditions, 57 genes during short-day conditions, and 911 genes during floral transition in shoot apical meristems. Notably, among numerous candidates, two putative FT orthologues and others (e.g., SOC1, COL, AP1) implicated in flowering time regulation in various species were identified. Co-expression networks associated novel transcripts with putative biological processes based on annotated genes in the same cluster. The candidate genes identified have potential applications in quinoa breeding, facilitating the incorporation of beneficial haplotypes in crossbreeding programs to develop cultivars adapted to diverse environmental conditions.</p>
Solar Radiation Triggers the Bimodal Leaf Phenology of Central African Evergreen Broadleaved Forests
<p>The data for the paper titled 'Solar Radiation Triggers the Bimodal Leaf Phenology of Central African Evergreen Broadleaved Forests'.</p>
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