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Fig. 1 in Antixenotic and allelochemical resistance traits of watermelon against Bactrocera cucurbitae in a hot arid region of India

Fig. 1. Associations of major antixenotic and allelochemical fruit traits of watermelon with resistance to the melon fly evaluated by percentage fruit infestation under different infestation categories.

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Fig. 2. Canonical discriminant functional analyses showing 3 in Life history traits of three cryptic species Asia I, Asia II-1 and Asia II-7 of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) reconfirm their genetic identities

Fig. 2. Canonical discriminant functional analyses showing 3 genetic groups of Bemisia tabaci species complex.

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Fig. 1 in Life history traits of three cryptic species Asia I, Asia II-1 and Asia II-7 of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) reconfirm their genetic identities

Fig. 1. Component analysis (PCA) showing the clustering of genetic groups of Bemisia tabaci species complex.

Fig. 5 in The effect of X-rays on cytological traits of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

Fig. 5. Eupyrene spermatozoa in the bursae copulatrices of females mated either with irradiated or with non-irradiated males. (a) Normal eupyrene spermatozoon; (b) abnormal eupyrene spermatozoon. Bar = 100 µm. Arrowhead indicates distinctive angle observed in abnormal eupyrene spermatozoa.

Fig. 6 in The effect of X-rays on cytological traits of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

Fig. 6. Ratio of normal, abnormal, and uncertain eupyrene spermatozoa relative to total eupyrene spermatozoa (mean ± SE) measured afer completion of copula.

Fig. 2 in The effect of X-rays on cytological traits of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

Fig. 2. Cytogenetic analysis of the F1 generation of irradiated males. (a) Male mitotic metaphase with chromosomal fragments and fusions; (b) male pachytene complement with chromosomal multivalents; (c) male metaphase I with multivalents and chromosomal fragments.Bar = 10 µm. Arrowheads indicate chromosomal fragments;arrow indicates multivalents;and asterisks indicate chromosome fusion.

Fig. 4 in The effect of X-rays on cytological traits of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

Fig. 4. Apyrene to eupyrene sperm ratios in irradiated and non-irradiated males. (a) Apyrene to eupyrene sperm ratio in males irradiated at different X-ray doses (mean ± SE); (b) ratio of normal eupyrene bundles relative to total sperm bundles (mean ± SE); (c) ratio of deformed eupyrene bundles relative to total sperm bundles (mean ± SE). Columns with different letters in graph are statistically different (P <0.05).

Fig. 3 in The effect of X-rays on cytological traits of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

Fig. 3. Cytogenetic analysis of eupyrene and apyrene sperm in Tuta absoluta. (a) Normal eupyrene sperm bundle; (b) apyrene sperm bundle; (c) deformed eupyrene sperm bundle. Bar = 100 µm. Arrow indicates eupyrene sperm nuclei; arrowhead indicates micronuclei.

Fig. 1 in The effect of X-rays on cytological traits of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

Fig. 1. Cytogenetic analysis of non-irradiated T. absoluta individuals. (a) Female mitotic metaphase; (b) male mitotic metaphase; (c) female pachytene complement with a WZ bivalent identified according to W-chromosome heterochromatin; (d) male pachytene complement; (e) a highly polyploid female nucleus of Malpighian tubule cells with a large sex chromatin body; (f) a male nucleus of Malpighian tubule cells without W chromatin. Bar = 5 µm (a,b); 10 µm (c,d); 20 µm (e,f). Arrowheads indicate largest chromosomes of the complement, i.e., W and Z sex chromosomes; and arrow indicates sex chromatin.

Fig. 3 in Appraisal of sperm dynamics as a crucial trait of radio- sterilized Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its F progeny for evaluation of the 'inherited sterility technique' for pest suppression

Fig. 3. Effect of gamma irradiation on (a) the percentage of active apyrene sperm, and (b) the intensity of active sperm (no. of undulations/s) in virgin irradiated parental (P) male Spodoptera litura.

Fig. 2b in Appraisal of sperm dynamics as a crucial trait of radio- sterilized Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its F progeny for evaluation of the 'inherited sterility technique' for pest suppression

Fig. 2b. Eupyrene sperm bundles descent from the testes to the reproductive tract (upper vasa deferentia (UVD), seminal vesicles (SV) and the duplex) of irradiated male Spodoptera litura and their F1 progeny during the photophase (white bars)and the scotophase (black bars). Means ± SE followed by the same capital letter within white bars, or within black bars within each treatment regimen of sperm descent in the UVD, SV and duplex are not significantly different at P ≤ 0.05 (ANOVA followed by LSD post-test). Means ± SE followed by a different small letter between white bar and black bar, within each age group within a regimen are significantly different at P ≤ 0.05 (ANOVA followed by LSD posttest).

Fig. 2a in Appraisal of sperm dynamics as a crucial trait of radio- sterilized Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its F progeny for evaluation of the 'inherited sterility technique' for pest suppression

Fig. 2a. Loose apyrene sperm descent from the testes to the reproductive tract [upper vasa deferentia (UVD), seminal vesicles (SV) and the duplex] of irradiated male Spodoptera litura and their F1 progeny during the photophase (white bars) and the scotophase (black bars). Means ± SE followed by the same capital letter within white bars, or within black bars for each treatment regimen of sperm descent in the UVD, SV and duplex are not significantly different at P ≤ 0.05 (ANOVA followed by LSD post-test). Means ± SE followed by different small letter between the white bars and black bars, within each age group within a regimen are significantly different at P ≤ 0.05 (ANOVA followed by LSD posttest).

Fig. 1 in Appraisal of sperm dynamics as a crucial trait of radio- sterilized Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its F progeny for evaluation of the 'inherited sterility technique' for pest suppression

Fig. 1. Reproductive system of male moth, Spodoptera litura. The ductus ejaculatorius simplex is also known as the prostatic part. Sperm pass through the prostatic part at the onset of mating and acquire motility for the first time.

Fig. 4 in Appraisal of sperm dynamics as a crucial trait of radio- sterilized Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its F progeny for evaluation of the 'inherited sterility technique' for pest suppression

Fig. 4. Effect of gamma irradiation on (a) the percentage of active apyrene sperm and (b) the intensity of active sperm (no. of undulations /s) in virgin irradiated parental (P) male Spodoptera litura and their F1progeny.

Fig. 5 in Appraisal of sperm dynamics as a crucial trait of radio- sterilized Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its F progeny for evaluation of the 'inherited sterility technique' for pest suppression

Fig. 5. Effect of gamma irradiation on (a) the percentage of active apyrene sperm, and (b) the intensity of active sperm (no. of undulations /s) in mated irradiated parental (P) male Spodoptera litura.

Fig. 6 in Appraisal of sperm dynamics as a crucial trait of radio- sterilized Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its F progeny for evaluation of the 'inherited sterility technique' for pest suppression

Fig. 6. Effect of gamma irradiation on (a) the percentage of active apyrene sperm, and (b) the intensity of sperm activity (no. of undulations /s) in mated irradiated parental (P) male Spodoptera litura and their F1progeny.

Fig. 1 in Assessing troglomorphic and phylogenetically informative traits in troglobionts: a new cave-dwelling centipede illuminates the evolution of a soil-dwelling lineage (Chilopoda: Geophilidae)

Fig. 1 Hypothetical phylogeny with an evolutionarily relict species and different cases of character state reconstruction. Different shapes indicated different characters. Empty shapes indicate an ancestral state, black shapes indicate a derived state, and gray shapes indicate an intermediate (possibly transitional) state. For the circle-character, the relict species shares a derived state with the most closely related species (synapomorphy). For the square-character, it shares an ancestral state with the other more distantly related species (symplesiomorphy). For the triangle-character, it has an apparently intermediate state between an ancestral state and a derived state (possibly transitional)

Fig. 6 Comparison between Plutogeophilus gen.n in Assessing troglomorphic and phylogenetically informative traits in troglobionts: a new cave-dwelling centipede illuminates the evolution of a soil-dwelling lineage (Chilopoda: Geophilidae)

Fig. 6 Comparison between Plutogeophilus gen.n., Macronicophilus, and another Geophilidae: a–c forcipular segment, ventral view; d–f forcipular segment, dorsal view; g–i ultimate leg-bearing segment of adult ♀, without telopodites, ventral view; j–o, right leg of the ultimate pair, ventral view. Line drawings from photos, setae omitted: a, d, g, j PD-G 1359; b, e, m ISLA 11879; c, f, i, n PD-G 230; h, l ISLA 12866; o PD-G 1510. Redrawn from: k Pereira et al., 2000

Fig. 2 in Assessing troglomorphic and phylogenetically informative traits in troglobionts: a new cave-dwelling centipede illuminates the evolution of a soil-dwelling lineage (Chilopoda: Geophilidae)

Fig. 2 Living specimen of Plutogeophilus jurupariquibaba gen.n. sp.n. in the Areias de Cima cave, 7.IV.2012 (photo by Robson Zampaulo)

Fig. 7 Comparison between Plutogeophilus gen.n in Assessing troglomorphic and phylogenetically informative traits in troglobionts: a new cave-dwelling centipede illuminates the evolution of a soil-dwelling lineage (Chilopoda: Geophilidae)

Fig. 7 Comparison between Plutogeophilus gen.n., Macronicophilus, and another Geophilidae: a–c labrum, ventral view; d–f, left pretarsus of second maxillae, ventral view; g–i, metasternite at ca. 20% of the antero-posterior series of leg-bearing segments, ventral view. Line drawings from photos, setae omitted: a, d, g PD-G 1359; b, e, h ISLA 11879; c, f, i PD-G 230