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12,683 results for “tolerability”
Rapid evolution of thermal tolerance and phenotypic plasticity in variable environments
<p>These are the data and code to go with "<strong>Rapid evolution of thermal tolerance and phenotypic plasticity in variable environments</strong>"</p> <p><strong>Figure 01 takes the following data/scripts:</strong></p> <p><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/20210610_Thally02_Figure01_plot_and_stats.R">20210610_Thally02_Figure01_plot_and_stats.R </a> with <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/track_keeper.csv">track_keeper.csv </a> and <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/corr_Response%20growth%20.csv">corr_Response growth .csv </a>. These files contain growth rates per transfers for all selection environments throughout the experiment and growth rates in correlated environments during reciprocal transplants, respectively. </p> <p><strong>Figure 02 takes the following data/scripts:</strong></p> <p> </p> <p><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/20210610_Thally02_Figure02_plot_and_stats.R">20210610_Thally02_Figure02_plot_and_stats.R </a> with <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/20161120_res_logis_t000.csv">20161120_res_logis_t000.csv </a>and <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/20161123_resloglint300.csv">20161123_resloglint300.csv .</a> These files contain the output of the shapes of the growth curves (i.e. information on lag time , growth at µmax, K etc) for all samples in all selection environments at t0 and t300, respectively</p> <p><strong>The remaining figures - position not clear at time of submission - take the following data/script. </strong></p> <p>For plasticity in FRRF data, the script 20181204_FRRF_plasticity.R takes the FRRF raw data contained in <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/allfvfmdata_thally_t300_t000.csv">allfvfmdata_thally_t300_t000.csv </a>. Extracted parameters are in files <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/CvaluesThally02.csv">CvaluesThally02.csv</a>, <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/psiPSI_slope_intercept.csv">psiPSI_slope_intercept.csv</a>, and <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/rP_extracted_values.csv">rP_extracted_values.csv </a> and can be analysed using the R script <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/extracted%20parameter%20plots.R">extracted parameter plots.R .</a> R script <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/FRRF%20visualisation%20only%20.R">FRRF visualisation only .R </a> is for visualisation only, as the title suggests. </p> <p>For comparing plasticity/growth , the data are in <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/20170327_giantbigtable.csv">20170327_giantbigtable.csv </a>, and can be visualised/analysed in <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/plast%20vs%20growth.R">plast vs growth.R </a></p> <p>In order to recreate the AMOVAS based on SNVs, use <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/all_variants_fixed-only_using_5x_depth_threshold.csv?versionId=01cbf6bf-fe16-4e7d-aae8-58c527596ebb">all_variants_fixed-only_using_5x_depth_threshold.cvs </a> with <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/cc14086e-84ed-4a13-b2d4-cf3cda0d669f/amova%20thally02.R?versionId=e9c21378-ee37-4418-9ce1-76db821e645a">amova thally02.R </a></p> <p>For additional information, please contact elisa.schaum@uni-hamburg.de </p>
Parasite resistance and parasite tolerance: insights into transgenerational immune priming in an invertebrate host
<p>Parasites impose different selection regimes on their hosts, which respond by increasing their resistance and/or tolerance. Parental challenge with parasites can enhance the immune response of their offspring, a phenomenon documented in invertebrates and termed transgenerational immune priming. We exposed two parental generations of the model organism <em>Daphnia magna</em> to the horizontally-transmitted parasitic yeast <em>Metschnikowia bicuspidata</em>, and recorded resistance- and tolerance-related traits in the offspring generation. We hypothesized that parentally-primed offspring will increase either their resistance or their tolerance to the parasite. Our susceptibility assays revealed no impact of parental exposure on offspring resistance. Nonetheless, different fitness-related traits, which are indicative of tolerance, were altered. Specifically, maternal priming increased offspring production and decreased survival. Grandmaternal priming positively affected age at first reproduction and negatively affected brood size at first reproduction. Interestingly, both maternal and grandmaternal priming significantly reduced within-host parasite proliferation. Nevertheless, <em>Daphnia </em>primed for two consecutive generations had no competitive advantage in comparison to unprimed ones, implying additive maternal and grandmaternal effects. Our findings do not support evidence of transgenerational immune priming from bacterial infections in the same host species, thus emphasizing that transgenerational immune responses may not be consistent even within the same host species.</p>
Data from: Even low light pollution levels affect the spatial distribution and timing of activity of a "light tolerant" bat species
<p>Abstract of the related publication :</p> <p>By disrupting nocturnal landscapes worldwide, light pollution caused by Artificial Light At Night (ALAN) is recognised as a major threat to biodiversity. As even low light intensities might affect some taxa, concerns are arising about biological responses to widespread low light levels. We used data from a French citizen science bat monitoring program (1,894 full-nights monitored on 1,055 sites) to explore the landscape-scale effects of light on an open-space-foraging bat species, the Serotine bat (<em>Eptesicus serotinus</em>). We assessed this species' abundance and timing of night-time activity (median time of activity) at foraging sites. ALAN, and to a lesser extent moonlight, reduced <em>E. serotinus</em> abundance. ALAN delayed activity, and this delay was amplified during overcast nights. On the contrary, where there was no ALAN, the higher the cloud cover, the earlier the activity occurred. Cloud cover likely darkened the night sky in rural locations, whereas it amplified skyglow in light-polluted places, increasing ALAN effects on bats. Interestingly, moonlight also delayed activity but this effect was weakened where there was ALAN. Our study shows that even fine variations of light levels could affect the spatiotemporal distribution of a common species usually considered to be “light tolerant”, with potential cascading effects on individual fitness and population dynamics. It stresses how urgent it is to preserve and restore dark areas to protect biodiversity from light pollution while working on light intensity and directivity where ALAN is needed.</p>
Selection strategies to introgress water deficit tolerance derived from Solanum galapagense accession LA1141 into cultivated tomato (datasets)
<p>This dataset includes best linear unbiased predictors (BLUPs) used for composite interval mapping in the LA1141 × OH8245 BC<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub> families (tab - BC2S3_BLUP_data_for_CIM), greenhouse data corresponding to the BC<sub>2</sub>S<sub>5</sub> advanced lines (tab - BC2S5_GH_trial), and field performance data corresponding to the BC<sub>2</sub>S<sub>5</sub> advanced lines (tab - BC2S5_Field_Trial).</p>
Data from: Sensitivity to line-of sight in tolerant versus despotic macaques (Macaca sylvanus and Macaca mulatta)
<p>Complex social life is considered important to the evolution of cognition in primates. One key aspect of primate social interactions concerns the degree of competition that individuals face in their social group. To examine how social tolerance versus competition shapes social cognition, we experimentally assessed capacities for flexible gaze-following in more tolerant Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) and compared to previous data from despotic rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Monkeys experienced one of two possible conditions. In the barrier condition, they observed an actor look upwards into an overheard barrier, so they could not directly see the target of the actor's gaze without reorienting. In the no barrier condition, they observed an actor look upwards without a barrier blocking her line-of-sight, so they could observe the target of the actor's gaze by also looking upwards. Both species (N = 58 Barbary macaques, 64 rhesus macaques) could flexibly modulate their gaze responses to account for the demonstrator's line of sight, looking up more often when no barrier was present, and this flexible modulation declined with age in both species. However, neither species preferentially approached to look inside the barrier when their view of the target location was obscured, although rhesus macaques approached more overall. This pattern suggests that both tolerant and despotic macaques exhibit similar capacities to track other's line of sight and do not preferentially reorient their bodies to observe what an actor looks at in this situation. This contrasts with other work indicating that competitive primates are especially adept at some aspects of theory of mind. Thus, it is important to understand both the similarities and differences in the social–cognitive abilities of primates with different social styles.</p>
Data from: Breeding heat tolerant orchardgrass germplasm for summer persistence in high temperature stress environments of the southeastern United States
<p>This is digital research data corresponding to a published manuscript, Breeding heat tolerant orchardgrass germplasm for summer persistence in high temperature stress environments of the southeastern United States, in Crop Science, Volume 61, p. 1915 - 1925. Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) could serve as a cool-season perennial in southeastern production systems, but often does not behave as a true perennial under high temperature stress conditions of the region. This work sought to develop heat-tolerant orchardgrass germplasm through recurrent phenotypic selection (RPS) that would both reduce secondary seed dormancy caused by high soil temperatures and improve stand persistence over summer months. Selection was conducted in a growth chamber 40/30 °C (12/12 h, light/darkness), with germinated seedlings subjected to an additional 2–3 weeks of 40/30 °C conditions. The base germplasm (Cycle 0) and selected individuals (Cycles 1–3) were transplanted into the field, then harvested for seed. Forty-degree germination tests compared mean cumulative germination, velocity of germination within 8 days (VOG8), and realized heritability. Stand persistencewas assessed 1 year after transplanting.</p>
Genome-wide sequencing identifies a thermal tolerance related synonymous mutation in the mussel Mytilisepta virgata
<p><span>The roles of 'silent' synonymous mutations for organisms adapting to stressfully thermal environments are of fundamental biological and ecological interests but poorly understood. To study whether synonymous mutations influence the thermal adaptation of animals to heat stress at specific microhabitats, a genome-wide genotype-phenotype association analysis was carried out in the black mussels <em>Mytilisepta virgata</em> inhabiting different microhabitats. A synonymous mutation of Ubiquitin-specific Peptidase 15 (<em>MvUSP15</em>) was significantly associated with the physiological upper thermal limit of the mussel. The individuals carrying GG genotype (the G-type) at the mutant locus owned significantly lower heat tolerance compared to the individuals carrying GA and AA genotype (the A-type). Furthermore, when heated to sublethal temperature, the G-type exhibited higher inter-individual variations in the <em>MvUSP15 </em>expression, especially for the mussels on the sun-exposed microhabitats. Taken together, a synonymous mutation in <em>MvUSP15 </em>can affect the gene expression profile and interact with microhabitat heterogeneity to influence thermal resistance. This integrative study sheds light on the ecological importance of adaptive synonymous mutations as an underappreciated genetic buffer against heat stress and emphasizes the importance of integrative studies with the consideration of genetic, physiological, and environmental heterogeneity at a microhabitat scale for evaluating and predicting the impacts of climate change.</span></p>
Single-cell phenotypic characteristics of tolerance under recurring antibiotic exposure in Escherichia coli
<p>Non-heritable drug resistance, such as tolerance and persistence towards antibiotics, is little characterized compared to genetic resistance. Tolerance and persistence allow cells to survive application of antibiotics that are bactericidal to non-tolerant cells. Non-heritable drug resistance challenges antibiotic treatment, particularly of recurrent infections, and have implications towards heritable resistance evolution. Tolerant cells have commonly been characterized as growth arrested cells prior and during antibiotic application that quickly resume growth post-application. Here, we explore characteristic of tolerant and susceptible <em>E. coli</em> single bacteria cells to different levels of recurrent antibiotic exposure and quantify their occurrence. In using a high throughput single-cell microfluidic device, we find that tolerant cells reduce their growth rate by about 50%, but contrary to previous findings do not go into growth arrest or near growth arrest. The growth reduction is induced by antibiotic exposure and not caused by a stochastic switch or predetermined state as previously described. Cells exhibiting constant intermediate growth survived best under antibiotic exposure and selection did not primarily act on fast growing cells, as expected for a β-lactam antibiotic. Control experiments on population cultures confirmed and challenged scaling of single cell findings to population level processes. Our findings suggest a prevalent type of tolerance that differs from previously described tolerance and persister characteristics. Our described characteristics and its high frequency of occurrence supports acclaims of an underappreciated role of tolerant cells towards resistance evolution.</p>
Data from: Timbres of tolerance: Co-feeding tolerance in chimpanzees and bonobos is better explained by group-specific variation than species differences
<p><span>The human species exhibits a remarkable level of social tolerance which has propelled a plethora of behavioural expressions pivotal to our biological success. To date, the evolutionary origins of humans' "ultra-sociality" remain unclear, despite a substantial research focus on our closest living evolutionary relatives, the great apes. Bonobos are typically portrayed as more socially tolerant than chimpanzees and consequentially (sometimes) presented as a better model to study the evolutionary roots of human sociality. Yet, the current evidence supporting such a species-level categorization is equivocal. Here, we used validated group-level co-feeding tasks to test 16 independent <em>Pan </em>groups living in zoo (n=9) and sanctuary (n=7) settings, representing 225 individuals. We found that the expressions of social tolerance substantially overlapped between species, thus precluding categorical inference at the species level. Instead, marked differences were observed among groups, with some bonobo groups exhibiting higher social tolerance than chimpanzee groups, and vice versa. Interestingly, substantial intergroup variation was found within species living in the same environment, which attests to Pan's behavioural flexibility. We conclude that the pervasive dichotomy between the tolerant bonobo and the belligerent chimpanzee requires quantitative nuance, and that accurate phylogenetic tracing of (human) social behaviour necessitates estimations of intraspecific intergroup variation.</span></p>
Cold tolerance of Trachymyrmex fungus gardening ants and Leucocoprinus symbionts
<p><span>Symbionts can have profound effects on host fitness, adaptations, and range distributions. </span><span>Stress-induced evolution is difficult to show in obligate symbioses, however, adaptive evolution within an obligate symbiosis can be investigated experimentally or by correlating trait variation with stress along an ecological cline (i.e., temperature-stress gradient).</span></p> <p><span>We investigated the cold-tolerance of the fungus-growing ant <em>Trachymyrmex septentrionalis</em> by performing cold-tolerance assays comparing two populations collected from either the southernmost range of their distribution (Bastrop, TX) or from a site that is approximately 600 km further north (Norman, Oklahoma). We first compared isolated fungal symbionts grown on artificial media to determine cold-tolerance of fungus alone. Subsequently, we conducted cross-fostering experiments between northern and southern host and symbionts to test for synergisms between the partners in generating adaptations of cold tolerance. </span></p> <p><span>Ants of the northern fungal populations were more cold-adapted then southern fungal populations. Northern nests were deeper and northern colonies initially rejected fungi from the southern population. The cross-fostering experiments demonstrated that only one partner must be cold tolerant to confer maximum cold-tolerance to the ant-fungus symbiosis, because northern ants growing southern fungus under cold stress performed just as well as northern ants growing northern fungi. </span></p> <p><span>Our results suggest that cold stress has been an important selective factor during the migration of this ant-fungus symbiosis into northern latitudes during the last 10,000 years, and that cold tolerance likely is an energetically demanding trait that may be traded off with other aspects of the symbiosis' life history. The symbiosis also appears to have evolved several additional adaptations that increase survival in cold environments, such as building deeper nests that insulate the fungi from cold surface </span></p>
Functional traits and their plasticity shift from tolerant to avoidant under extreme drought
<p>Under climate change, extreme droughts will limit water availability for plants. However, the species-specific responses make it difficult to draw general conclusions. We hypothesized that changes in species' abundance in response to extreme drought can be best explained by a set of water economic traits under ambient conditions in combination with the ability to adjust these traits towards higher drought resistance. We conducted a four-year field experiment in temperate grasslands using rainout shelters with 30% and 50% rainfall reduction. We quantified the response as the change in species abundance between ambient conditions and the rainfall reduction. Abundance response to extreme drought was best explained by a combination of traits in ambient conditions and their functional adjustment, most likely reflecting plasticity. Smaller leaved species decreased less in abundance under drought. With increasing drought intensity, we observed a shift from drought tolerance, i.e. an increase leaf dry matter content, to avoidance, i.e. a less negative turgor loss point (TLP) in ambient conditions and a constancy in TLP under drought. We stress the importance of using a multidimensional approach of variation in multiple traits and the importance of considering a range of drought intensities to improve predictions of species' response to climate change.</p>
What can cold-induced transcriptomes of Arctic Brassicaceae tell us about the evolution of cold tolerance?
<p>Little is known about the evolution of cold tolerance in polar plant species and how they differ from temperate relatives. To gain insight into their biology and the evolution of cold tolerance, we compared the molecular basis of cold response in three Arctic Brassicaceae species. We conducted a comparative time series experiment to examine transcriptional responses to low temperature. RNA was sampled at 22 °C, and after 3h, 6h, and 24h at 2 °C. We then identified sets of genes that were differentially expressed in response to cold and compared them between species, as well as to published data from the temperate <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em>. Most differentially expressed genes were species-specific, but a significant portion of the cold response was also shared among species. Among thousands of differentially expressed genes, ~200 were shared among the three Arctic species and <em>A. thaliana</em>, while ~100 were exclusively shared among the three Arctic species. Our results show that cold response differs markedly between Arctic Brassicaceae species, but likely builds on a conserved basis found across the family. They also confirm that highly polygenic traits such as cold tolerance may show little repeatability in their patterns of adaptation. </p>
Data from: Evolution of cold tolerance in the highly stress tolerant samphires and relatives (Salicornieae: Amaranthaceae)"
<p>Low temperature constitutes one of the main barriers to plant distributions, confining many clades to their ancestrally tropical biome. However, recent evidence suggests that transitions from tropical to temperate biomes may be more frequent than previously thought. Here, we study the evolution of cold and frost tolerance in the globally distributed and highly stress-tolerant Salicornieae (Salicornioideae, Amaranthaceae s.l.). We first generate a phylogenetic tree comprising almost all known species (85-90%), using newly generated (n = 106) and published nuclear-ribosomal and plastid sequences. Next, we use geographical occurrence data to document in which clades and geographical regions cold-tolerant species occur and reconstruct how cold tolerance evolved. Finally, we test for correlated evolution between frost tolerance and the annual life form. We find that frost tolerance has evolved independently in up to four Northern Hemisphere lineages but that annuals are no more likely to evolve frost tolerance than perennials, indicating the presence of different strategies for adapting to cold environments. Our findings add to mounting evidence for multiple independent out-of-the-tropics transitions among close relatives of flowering plants and raise new questions on the ecological and physiological mechanism(s) of adaptation to low temperatures in Salicornieae.</p>
Bamboo climatic tolerances are decoupled from leaf functional traits across an Andean elevation gradient
Widespread changes in temperature and precipitation patterns present plant species with new and combined stresses that affect their performance and distribution. Functional traits are indicators of plant resource use-acquisition strategies and thus they are commonly used to understand the geographic distributions of plant species and species' potential responses to climate change. To date, most studies have targeted a few easy-to-measure leaf traits even though other traits, such as climatic tolerances, could provide valuable information directly related with species' current and future distributions. Here, we measured both leaf functional traits and indices of physiological tolerance to heat (T50) and drought (Cell Membrane Stability) in 28 woody bamboo populations from 22 narrow-ranged species along a > 3000 m elevation gradient in the southern Peruvian Andes. We found that bamboo leaf functional traits remain fairly constant with a combination indicative of an acquisitive strategy (low leaf mass area and high nitrogen per mass) along the elevation gradient, despite drastic changes in environment and fast species turnover. Heat and drought tolerances of bamboos varied widely along the gradient and were negatively correlated to each other. Drought tolerance of bamboo populations was positively related with elevation and with precipitation seasonality while heat tolerance decreased at higher, colder elevations. When analyzed for individuals within each species or for individuals within each elevation, the two metrics of climatic tolerances did not show a consistent relationship, contrasting with the expectation of a potential trade-off between heat and drought tolerance. We also found that the measured leaf functional traits were not good predictors of climatic tolerances. Our results illustrate the diversity and complexity of the relationships between functional strategies and environmental gradients and highlight the limitations of using basic (i.e., "soft") leaf traits to understand plant distributions and climatic tolerances.
Replication stalling activates SSB for recruitment of DNA damage tolerance factors
<p>This repository contains four zipped folders with data and code related to this manuscript in the form of MATLAB files. The folders contain:</p> <ol> <li>By figure: plotted data organized by figure in the manuscript (as MATLAB workspaces, .mat files).</li> <li>Variables: plotted data organized by strain number and description (as MATLAB workspaces, .mat files).</li> <li>Functions: MATLAB functions needed to 1) integrate MicrobeTracker(1) cell segmentation analysis with u-track point source detection(2) and tracking(3) analysis and 2) perform subsequent processing of u-track analysis results (as MATLAB scripts, .m files)</li> <li>Scripts: MATLAB scripts needed to perform different types of data analysis (as MATLAB scripts, .m files). These scripts are organized by integration time (short vs. long exposure) and by type of analysis (radial distribution functional analysis, diffusion coefficient analysis, etc)</li> </ol>
Heat tolerance of marine ectotherms in a warming Antarctica
<p><span>Global warming is affecting the Antarctic continent in complex ways. Because Antarctic organisms are specialized to living in the cold, they are vulnerable to increasing temperatures, though quantitative analyses of this issue are currently lacking. Here we compiled a total of 184 estimates of heat tolerance belonging to 39 marine species and quantified how survival is affected concomitantly by the intensity and duration of a thermal stress. Species exhibit thermal limits displaced towards colder temperatures, with contrasting strategies between arthropods and fish that exhibit low tolerance to acute heat challenges, and brachiopods, echinoderms and molluscs that tend to be more sensitive to chronic exposure. These differences might be associated with mobility. A dynamic mortality model suggests that Antarctic organisms already encounter temperatures that might be physiologically stressful and indicate that these ecological communities are indeed vulnerable to ongoing rising temperatures.</span></p>
144 prioritized genes of flooding-tolerance (FTgenes) in soybean
<p><span>Soybean [</span><em>Glycine max</em><span> (L.) Merr.] is one of the most important legume crops abundant in edible protein and oil in the world. Due to the drastic climate change, flooding, drought and unevenly distributed rainfall have gradually increased in terms of the frequency and intensity worldwide. In particular, severe flooding has caused extensive losses to soybean production. In light of the harsh situation, there has been an urge to breed strong soybean seeds with high flooding tolerance. We collected and integrated genetic data that relevant to flooding-tolerant responses in soybean from </span>multiple dimensional data sources. A step-function adjusted factor prioritization algorithm was proposed to prioritize these integrated genetic data. A total of 144 candidate genes of flooding-tolerance (FTgenes) in soybean were <span>prioritized, </span>using a cut-off threshold of combined score of 42,<span> from 36,705 test genes that collected from multidimensional genomic features linking to soybean flooding tolerance</span>. <span>Several validation results using independent samples from SoyNet, GWAS, SoyBase, </span><span>GO database</span><span> and transcriptome databases all exhibited excellent agreement, suggesting these 144 FTgenes were significantly superior than others.</span><span> </span><span>Our results provide valuable information, meaningful insight, and contribution to varieties selection of soybean</span><span>. The FTgenes demonstrated the potential for uncovering important insights underlying flooding-tolerant response in soybean in systems biology stuydies.</span></p>
Data for: An advanced systems biology framework of feature engineering for cold tolerance genes discovery from integrated omics and non-omics data in soybean
<p><span>Soybean [<em>Glycine max (L.) Merr.</em>] </span><span>serves as one of the most economically valuable crops globally, but it is sensitive to low temperatures during the crop growing season. Currently, agriculture around the world has faced more serious abiotic stresses due to climate change, so there is an urgent need to breed cold-tolerant cultivars to resist the changing environment. The cold-tolerant trait is a complex and quantitative trait controlled by multiple genes, environmental factors, and their interaction. A total of 56 soybean samples were used, including 28 resistant varieties and 28 susceptible varieties, in the field experiments. We selected 55 SNPs (which were mapped to 39 CTgenes) from the CTgenes for distinguishing cold-tolerant lines from cold-susceptible lines. The SNP data can be applied for soybean's cold-tolerant experiment, such as soybean marker-assisted selection, soybean varieties clustering, the systems biology analysis, and further validation. </span></p>
Evolutionary history constrains heat tolerance of native and exotic tropical Zingiberales
<p><span>Tropical wet forest plants experience relatively stable temperatures throughout the year. However, tropical forests represent a mosaic of habitats characterized by different temperatures. Heat tolerances are expected to be adapted to temperatures specific to their habitats. Although the heat tolerance of species sharing similar environments is expected to be similar, it is also possible that heat tolerance is constrained by evolutionary history because closely related species usually display similar physiologies. When exotic species are introduced to novel communities, colonization may be facilitated by their previous adaptation to high temperatures and other physiological, genetic, and demographic traits, which may grant them some competitive advantage. Increasing temperatures may represent a strong environmental filter affecting community assembly, and higher heat tolerances could facilitate the persistence of exotic species in novel environments. </span></p> <p><span>Using a community of 32 native and 7 exotic Zingiberales species from different tropical habitats in Costa Rica, Central America, we aim to answer the following questions: a) does evolutionary history constrain heat tolerance? b) do plants in the same habitat display similar heat tolerances? c) do the heat tolerances of exotic species differ from those of native species?</span></p> <p><span>We measured temperature-dependent changes in photosynthetic fluorescence to determine the temperature at which the first sign of damage to photosystem II is observed (T<sub>15</sub>), and the temperature at which the fluorescence of photosystem II is reduced by 50% (T<sub>50</sub>). Using a community phylogeny, we tested for phylogenetic signals in T<sub>15</sub> and T<sub>50</sub>. In addition, we tested for differences in heat tolerance among Zingiberales from old growth, secondary forests, and open areas, as well as between native and exotic species.</span></p> <p><span>Our results support a) a significant phylogenetic signal (Pagel's λ) for both T<sub>15</sub> and T<sub>50</sub>, b) communities from open areas displayed similar photosynthetic heat tolerance compared to species from old growth and secondary forests, c) exotic Zingiberales are marginally tolerant to high temperatures than native species, but only for T<sub>15</sub>. Our results suggest that evolutionary history constraints heat responses of native and exotic Zingiberales in a warming world.</span></p>
Acclimation to moderate temperatures can have strong negative impacts on heat tolerance of arctic arthropods
<p>The Arctic is impacted by some of the fastest temperature changes observed on Earth, but the impact on terrestrial arthropod fauna is unclear. Acute physiological thermal limits of terrestrial ectotherms from high latitudes often exceed the local air temperatures, suggesting that they may be able to cope with increasing temperatures. However, knowledge of how arctic terrestrial arthropods cope with elevated temperatures for longer periods is lacking. Here we investigate how acclimation temperature and exposure time affect the acute physiological heat tolerance of five terrestrial arthropod species (<em>Neomolgus littoralis, Megaphorura arctica, Nysius groenlandicus</em>, <em>Psammotettix lividellus</em>, and <em>Nabis flavomarginatus</em>) immediately after collection in arctic and sub-arctic habitats. We show that although acute heat tolerances are relatively high, even exposure to moderate (temperature span assessed ca. 3-29°C) acclimation temperatures for 24 hours have strong negative effects on heat tolerance for four of the five species. Similarly, exposure time negatively affected heat tolerance, depending on species and temperature. Together our results suggest that exposure to even moderately elevated temperatures for periods of 24 h or even shorter can lead to lower acute heat tolerance for cold-adapted terrestrial arthropod species from sub-Arctic and Arctic regions. Consequently, climate change leading to extended periods of mildly elevated temperatures may have strong negative effects on these species. We argue that this aspect is currently overlooked when assessing the ability of arthropods from Arctic and sub-Artic regions to cope with climate changes as such predictions are typically based on acute heat tolerance estimates and with the assumption of beneficial acclimation responses.</p>
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