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Long-term Plant Biomass Monitoring Data from the Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER Project on Sapelo Island, Georgia
The Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER program (GCE) monitors plant biomass annually with the goal of testing the hypothesis that end-of-year biomass varies as a function of 1) freshwater discharge from the Altamaha River (especially in low-marsh plots), 2) local rainfall (especially in high-marsh plots), and 3) average sea level. In 2000 we created permanent plots at all 10 GCE marsh monitoring sites. Plots were established at creek-bank and mid-marsh sites (8 plots per zone per site). Most sites are dominated by Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass), but zones at some sites are dominated by Juncus roemerianus, Spartina cynosuroides, or Zizaniopsis miliacea. An additional marsh zone (high marsh Juncus) was established at site 10 in 2005 and site 9 in 2012 to increase replication of sites with Juncus. Plants have been non-destructively monitored in October of every year from 2000 to the present, measuring the stem count, height and flowering status of every plant in each plot. Stem clipping samples were also collected adjacent to plots in 2002, 2007, and 2020, then measured, dried, weighed and statistically analyzed in order to generate allometric regression relationships between height and mass for estimation of plant biomass in corresponding plots. This data set includes cumulative long-term observations of plant stem count, height and biomass per marsh zone, plot and species at 10 GCE LTER sampling sites from 2000 to 2023, and will be updated annually to include the prior year observations.
Long-term Hydrographic Mooring Data from the Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER Salinity Monitoring Program - Primary 30 Minute Observational Data
Conductivity, temperature and sub-surface water pressure were measured continuously at fixed hydrographic moorings distributed across the Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER study area to document spatial and temporal variability of salinity and its relationship to water level and river discharge. Mooring locations were chosen to span the salinity gradient as well as to take advantage of existing physical infrastructure (e.g. docks or pilings) for mounting instruments and proximity to marsh study sites. Eight moorings were established between 2001 and 2003 to characterize salinity patterns in the three primary sounds in the GCE domain (Sapelo, Doboy and Altamaha), and a ninth mooring was added near a freshwater tidal forest along the Altamaha River in 2014. Observations were logged at 30 minute intervals by Sea-Bird Electronics MicroCAT 37-SM data loggers and downloaded approximately quarterly. Salinity, depth and sigma-t (density anomaly) were calculated from the measured parameters using standard UNESCO algorithms, and short-duration gaps (<6 hours) due to instrument swaps, quality control analysis or brief data interruptions were filled by interpolation. Long-duration gaps due to instrument or mooring loss were filled with null values to produce a monotonic time series. This data set includes cumulative 30 minute observations at all 9 moorings through 31-Dec-2022, and will be updated annually to include observations from the prior year.
Long-term Hydrographic Mooring Data from the Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER Salinity Monitoring Program - Daily Summarized Data
Conductivity, temperature and sub-surface water pressure were measured continuously at fixed hydrographic moorings distributed across the Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER study area to document spatial and temporal variability of salinity and its relationship to water level and river discharge. Mooring locations were chosen to span the salinity gradient as well as to take advantage of existing physical infrastructure (e.g. docks or pilings) for mounting instruments and proximity to marsh study sites. Eight moorings were established between 2001 and 2003 to characterize salinity patterns in the three primary sounds in the GCE domain (Sapelo, Doboy and Altamaha), and a ninth mooring was added near a freshwater tidal forest along the Altamaha River in 2014. Observations were logged at 30 minute intervals by Sea-Bird Electronics MicroCAT 37-SM data loggers and downloaded approximately quarterly. Salinity, depth and sigma-t (density anomaly) were calculated from the measured parameters using standard UNESCO algorithms, and short-duration gaps (<6 hours) due to instrument swaps, quality control analysis or brief data interruptions were filled by interpolation. Long-duration gaps due to instrument or mooring loss were filled with null values to produce a monotonic time series. Values flagged as invalid were then removed and interpolated up to 6 hours, and daily-summarized values were calculated by statistical aggregation. This data set includes the daily-summarized data at all 9 moorings through 31-Dec-2022, and will be updated annually to include observations from the prior year.
Monthly Vegetation and Invertebrate Population Monitoring near the Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER Flux Tower
Permanent study plots were established in a Spartina alterniflora-dominated marsh in the vicinity of the Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER Flux Tower to provide measurements of plant biomass and invertebrate population density over time for comparison with marsh-atmospheric CO2 exchange. Six replicate plots were randomly placed within each of three height zones of Spartina alterniflora (i.e. short, medium and tall Spartina). Beginning in June 2013, surveys were conducted approximately monthly to determine abundance of Littoraria irrorata, Prokelisia marginata, and grasshoppers in each plot. Plant species, stem density, height, and flowering status were also measured in each of the plots, and biomass was calculated using allometric relationships between plant height, flowering status and mass from plant clipping studies. During these surveys, destructive core sampling was also performed in the proximity of the plots (n = 2 per zone - additional cores collected some months in 2014 and 2016) to measure above and below ground biomass for each Spartina zone. Beginning in February 2016, chlorophyll measurements were taken in the proximity of the plots in each Spartina zone (n = 15 per zone).
Long-term Mollusc Population Abundance and Size Data from the Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER Fall Marsh Monitoring Program
This data set includes long-term observational data on mollusc species abundance and size distribution at 10 Georgia Coastal Ecosystems marsh sites used for annual plant and invertebrate population monitoring. Infaunal and epifaunal molluscs were hand-collected from within quadrats of known area in mid-marsh and creekbank zones (n = 4 quadrats per zone) at all sites annually in October. Molluscs were also collected from an additional high marsh Juncus zone (n = 4 quadrats) at several sites beginning in 2009. The molluscs were returned to the lab, preserved in ethanol, identified and counted to determine species abundance and density in each plot. The length of each measurable individual was then determined using calipers or an ocular micrometer mounted in a stereomicroscope to determine mollusc size. Population abundance and size measurement data are reported separately by site, zone, plot and species because analyses were performed at different times, specimens were not individually identifiable, and not all individuals were measureable. This data set includes cumulative long-term observations from 2000 to 2022, and will be updated annually to include the prior year observations.
Long-term Burrowing Crab Population Abundance Data from the Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER Fall Marsh Monitoring Program
This data set includes long-term observational data on burrowing crab abundance at 10 Georgia Coastal Ecosystems marsh sites used for annual plant and invertebrate population monitoring. Crab abundance was determined by performing surveys of crab hole occurance within replicate 625 square centimeter quadrats and converting the counts to number per square meter. Surveys were performed annually during October within the mid-marsh and creek bank zones at GCE marsh study sites 1 through 10 (i.e. n = 4 per zone at each site). Surveys were also performed in an additional high marsh Juncus zone at several sites beginning in 2009 (i.e. n = 4 quadrats per site). Note that this census method does not differentiate which species made a particular hole and therefore only estimates total burrowing crab abundance, potentially including species Uca pugnax, Uca minax, Uca pugilator, Armases cinereum, Eurytium limosum, Sesarma reticulatum and Panopeus spp. Crab holes that are not actively maintained are quickly covered by tidal activity and other sediment disturbances, therefore plugged holes were assumed to be unoccupied and excluded from the counts. This data set includes cumulative observations from 2000 to 2023, and will be updated annually to include the prior year observations.
Plant Responses to the GCE-LTER Seawater Addition Long Term Experiment (SALTEx) from 2013 to 2017
This study was conducted in a tidal freshwater marsh (31°20’16” N, 81°27’52” W) on the Altamaha River, GA. Each plot was defined by a 2.5 m x 2.5 m polycon frame, inserted 12 cm into the soil. The frames had drain holes in the sides above the soil surface that were plugged when plots were watered but open otherwise to allow tidal exchange. The plots were randomly assigned to five treatments. Plots were monitored without imposing any treatments in 2013. Treatments started on April 14, 2014. Plots receive diluted saltwater (press and pulse of saline water treatments, n=6), freshwater (freshwater addition treatment, n=6), or no water additions (control with frame and control treatments, n=6 and 7, respectively). The press plots received additions of a mixture of seawater and fresh river water four times each week. Pulse plots received the same mixture but only for 8 weeks in September and October. The freshwater treatment plots received additions of fresh river water four times each week. To document treatment effects on the plant community, we measured stem height, photosynthesis, and percent cover of plants, and blocking of light by the vegetation. We used the same 0.75 m x 0.75 m subplot inside each plot for plant measurements, and took the measurements 3 – 6 times during each growing season from 2013 to 2017. We measured height of all stems of Zizaniopsis miliacea and Persicaria hydropiperoides, and all leaves of Pontederia cordata. In each plot, we chose the tallest individual of those three species and measured their photosynthetic rates using LCi photosynthesis System (ADC BioScientific Ltd, Hoddesdon, UK). Around the same dates, we also visually estimated the percent cover of Ludwigia repens, Persicaria hydropiperoides, Pontederia cordata, and Zizaniopsis miliacea in the entire 2.5 m x 2.5 m plot. We summed the stem heights by species as a first approximation of species biomass. We measured the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) above top and underneath
Long-term water quality monitoring in the Altamaha, Doboy and Sapelo sounds and the Duplin River near Sapelo Island, Georgia from November 2013 to December 2022
Water samples were collected on Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER oceanographic monitoring cruises from November 2012 through December 2022. Monthly samples were collected from GCE 6 (high and low tide) and GCE 7 (high tide). Quarterly samples were collected from the remaining GCE sites and AL-02, the Altamaha River oceanic end-member station. Concentrations of the following were measured using standard analytical methods: dissolved nutrients (phosphate, nitrate+nitrite, ammonium, silicate), dissolved organics (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus) and particulate carbon and nitrogen, chlorophyll, phaeopigments, total suspended solids and loss on ignition.
Seasonal Distribution of Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea and Ammonia-Oxidation Rates in the South Atlantic Bight from April to November 2014
Previous work in nearshore waters of the Georgia USA coast has demonstrated mid-summer peaks in the abundance of Thaumarchaeota (blooms with 100 to 1,000-fold increases) accompanied by spikes in nitrite concentration. These studies were performed at one location, so the areal extent of the bloom is unknown, nor has it been demonstrated conclusively that it develops in inshore waters. We collected data on rates of ammonia oxidation and the distribution of Thaumarchaeota, ammonia-oxidizing Betaproteobacteria (AOB), nitrite-oxidizing Nitrospina and environmental variables during 6 cruises aboard the UNOLS vessel R/V Savannah from April to November 2014 on transects of the South Atlantic Bight to evaluate the areal extent and timing of the bloom. This data set includes measurements of Chlorophyll-a concentration, PAR attenuation coefficient, oxygen concenrations, temperature, salinity and nitogenous nutrient concentrations (nitrite, nitrite + nitrate, ammonium, urea), and estimates of Archaea, bacteria and diatom gene concentration based on quantitative PCR.
Above- and below-ground non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) in Spartina alterniflora from 6 permanant plots near the Georgia Coastal Ecosysterms LTER flux tower, on Sapelo Island in Georgia, USA
We studied the dynamics of four non-structural carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, sucrose, and starch) and biomass in 8 different above- and below-ground tissues in Spartina alterniflora over the course of a year in a salt marsh on Sapelo Island, Georgia, USA. Tissue parts sampled included green leaves, green stems, yellow leaves, yellow stems, brown leaves and stem, flowers, belowground biomass from 0-10cm depth and belowground biomass from 10-30cm depth. Samples were collected from tall form S. alterniflora plots near the Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER flux tower site monthly between September 2013 and August 2014. This study was conducted to support the development of predictive, mechanistic models of Spartina by providing information on below-ground biomass and its dynamics, and in particular the storage of resources that can be used for spring re-growth.
Dendrometer band measurement data from two tidal forest plots at GCE 11 on the Altamaha River in Southeast Georgia from December 2014 to December 2020
We established two 0.1-ha plots in December 2013. In each plot, we identified and measured DBH (diameter at breast height) of every tree using standard diameter tapes. We also placed dendrometric bands on 40 trees (20 per plot) in December 2013. Bands were measured in December 2014 as baseline measurements and yearly thereafter.
Mollusc population abundance monitoring: Fall 2016 mid-marsh and creekbank infaunal and epifaunal mollusc abundance based on collections from GCE marsh, monitoring sites 1-10
This data set is the Fall 2016 estimate of infaunal and epifaunal mollusc abundance at the GCE-LTER marsh sites used for population monitoring. Species abundance was determined by hand-collecting all the infaunal and epifaunal molluscs from within quadrats of known area in mid-marsh and creekbank zones (n = 4 quadrats per zone) at all sites. The molluscs were returned to the lab, fixed in ethanol, transferred to and preserved in ethanol, counted and measured (size data is reported separately). The counts were converted to number per square meter. Gastropod species are listed first, followed by bivalve species. Size distribution data for these collections may be found in the GCE-LTER data set INV-GCEM-1707a.
Mollusc population size distribution monitoring: Fall 2016 mid-marsh and creekbank infaunal and epifaunal mollusc size distributions based on collections from GCE marsh monitoring sites 1-10
This data set is the Fall 2016 report of infaunal and epifaunal mollusc species size distributions at the GCE-LTER marsh sites used for population monitoring. Infaunal and epifaunal molluscs were hand-collected from within quadrats of known area from mid-marsh and creekbank zones (n = 4 quadrats per zone) at all sites. The molluscs were returned to the lab, preserved in ethanol, measured and counted (count data is reported separately). Length of each measurable individual was determined using calipers or an ocular micrometer mounted in a stereomicroscope. Species abundance and density data for these collections may be found in the GCE-LTER data set INV-GCEM-1707. Numbers of individuals of each species in the abundance data file may not correspond exactly to the numbers of individuals in the size data file because some individuals may not have been measureable.
Yearly survey of barnacle settlement near creekbank plots at GCE LTER study sites in October 2014
To characterize spatial variation in barnacle recruitment at the creekbank, and across a gradient in salinity and distance to ocean, we deployed PVC poles to passive sample barnacle settlement. Eight poles were deployed between 4-5m apart adjacent to the creekbank vegetation monitoring plots at each GCE LTER permanent monitoring site each Fall beginning in 2012. These poles were then collected the following Fall and all barnacle that settled on the poles were identified and counted on 50cm-long sections of the 8, 3/4" diameter PVC poles. Although a few other barnacle species are occur within this estuary, only two species settled on poles: Chthamalus fragilis and Balanus spp.
Yearly survey of barnacle settlement near creekbank plots at GCE LTER study sites in October 2015
To characterize spatial variation in barnacle recruitment at the creekbank, and across a gradient in salinity and distance to ocean, we deployed PVC poles to passive sample barnacle settlement. Eight poles were deployed between 4-5m apart adjacent to the creekbank vegetation monitoring plots at each GCE LTER permanent monitoring site each Fall beginning in 2012. These poles were then collected the following Fall and all barnacle that settled on the poles were identified and counted on 50cm-long sections of the 8, 3/4" diameter PVC poles. Although a few other barnacle species are occur within this estuary, only two species settled on poles: Chthamalus fragilis and Balanus spp.
Yearly survey of barnacle settlement near creekbank plots at GCE LTER study sites in October 2016
To characterize spatial variation in barnacle recruitment at the creekbank, and across a gradient in salinity and distance to ocean, we deployed PVC poles to passive sample barnacle settlement. Eight poles were deployed between 4-5m apart adjacent to the creekbank vegetation monitoring plots at each GCE LTER permanent monitoring site each Fall beginning in 2012. These poles were then collected the following Fall and all barnacle that settled on the poles were identified and counted on 50cm-long sections of the 8, 3/4" diameter PVC poles. Although a few other barnacle species are occur within this estuary, only two species settled on poles: Chthamalus fragilis and Balanus spp.
Yearly survey of barnacle settlement near creekbank plots at GCE LTER study sites in October 2017
To characterize spatial variation in barnacle recruitment at the creekbank, and across a gradient in salinity and distance to ocean, we deployed PVC poles to passive sample barnacle settlement. Eight poles were deployed between 4-5m apart adjacent to the creekbank vegetation monitoring plots each GCE LTER permanent monitoring site each Fall beginning in 2012. These poles were then collected the following Fall and all barnacle that settled on the poles were identified and counted on 50cm-long sections of the 8, 3/4" diameter PVC poles. Although a few other barnacle species are occur within this estuary, only two species settled on poles: Chthamalus fragilis and Balanus spp.
Long-term water quality monitoring in the Altamaha River near Doctortown, Georgia from January 2013 to December 2022.
Water samples were collected monthly on the Atlamaha River near Doctortown, Georgia. The samples were anlayzed for dissolved organics (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus), dissolved nutrients (ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, silicate) and particulate carbon and nitrogen. Concentrations of the following were measured using standard analytical methods: dissolved nutrients (phosphate, nitrate+nitrite, ammonium, silicate), dissolved organics (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus) and particulate carbon and nitrogen
Yearly survey of barnacle settlement near creekbank plots at GCE LTER study sites in October 2018
To characterize spatial variation in barnacle recruitment at the creekbank, and across a gradient in salinity and distance to ocean, we deployed PVC poles to passive sample barnacle settlement. Eight poles were deployed between 4-5m apart adjacent to the creekbank vegetation monitoring plots each GCE LTER permanent monitoring site each Fall beginning in 2012. These poles were then collected the following Fall and all barnacle that settled on the poles were identified and counted on 50cm-long sections of the 8, 3/4" diameter PVC poles. Although a few other barnacle species are occur within this estuary, only two species settled on poles: Chthamalus fragilis and Balanus spp. This year Geukensia and Oysters that settled on the poles were counted and recorded.
Yearly survey of barnacle settlement near creekbank plots at GCE LTER study sites in October 2019
To characterize spatial variation in barnacle recruitment at the creekbank, and across a gradient in salinity and distance to ocean, we deployed PVC poles to passive sample barnacle settlement. Eight poles were deployed between 4-5m apart adjacent to the creekbank vegetation monitoring plots at each GCE LTER permanent monitoring site each Fall beginning in 2012. These poles were then collected the following Fall and all barnacle that settled on the poles were identified and counted on 50cm-long sections of the 8, 3/4" diameter PVC poles. Four species settled on poles and were counted and recorded: Chthamalus fragilis, Balanus spp., Geukensia demissa, and Oysters (Crassostrea virginica).
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