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FIGURE 2 in Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and dentition-based phylogeny as a contribution for the identification of isolated theropod teeth

FIGURE 2. Strict consensus cladogram of 49 most parsimonious trees recovered from analysis of a supermatrix of 1972 discrete characters after the deletion of the two wildcard taxa Erectopus and Piatnitzkysaurus. The supermatrix includes a dentition-based datamatrix of 141 discrete characters and six recent datasets based on whole theropod skeleton (Xu et al. 2009; Brusatte et al. 2010; Martinez et al. 2011; Senter 2011; Pol and Rauhut 2012; Carrano et al. 2012). Initial analysis was a New Technology Search using TNT v.1.1 for one outgroup (Eoraptor), 57 non-avian theropod taxa and ML 327, ML 966, ML 939 (coded as lateral teeth), and ML 962 (coded as a mesialmost tooth). Tree length = 3552 steps; CI = 0.563; RI = 0.628. For silhouette attribution, see Appendix.

FIGURE 9 in Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and dentition-based phylogeny as a contribution for the identification of isolated theropod teeth

FIGURE 9. Isolated tooth of Torvosaurus tanneri (ML 962) in labial (A), distal (B), lingual (C), mesial (D) and basal (F) views. Apical denticles of the distal carina in labial view (E). Abbreviations: ce, cervix; dca, distal carina; idsp, interdenticular space; mca, mesial carina.

FIGURE 8 in Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and dentition-based phylogeny as a contribution for the identification of isolated theropod teeth

FIGURE 8. Plots of CBR versus DAVG of ML 962, ML 327, ML 966 and 21 theropod taxa comprising the data set. For reasons of clarity, only taxa with serration of less than 22 denticles were considered.

FIGURE A2 in Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and dentition-based phylogeny as a contribution for the identification of isolated theropod teeth

FIGURE A2. States of dentition-based characters. A. Fourth right premaxillary tooth of Eoraptor lunensis (PVSJ 512) in lateral view lacking a mesial carina (char. 43:0), displaying a concave area present on the labial side of the crown and adjacent to the distal carina (char. 42:1), and having an important constriction between root and crown at both mesial and distal margins (char. 35:1), giving a lanceolate shape to one of the premaxillary teeth (char. 34:0). B. First and second left premaxillary teeth of Dubreuillosaurus valesdunensis (MNHN 1998-13) in anterior (B1) and palatal (B3) views, and second left premaxillary tooth in posterior view (B2) showing a non-twisted (char. 46:0) mesial carina, facing labially (char. 47:1) and terminating wellabove the cervix (char. 50:0), as well as a distal carina facing distally (char. 48:0). The axis passing through both carinae at midcrown in Dubreuillosaurus mesialmost teeth is subparallel to long axis of the skull (char. 49:0). The distal carinae, designated by the green arrows, are centrally positioned on the crown and not displaced labially. C. Premaxillary teeth of Raptorex kriegsteini (LH PV18) in medial (C1) and palatal (C2) views showing the U-shaped outline of mesialmost crowns (char. 41:5), the concave area adjacent to both carinae (char. 42:2), the mesial and distal carinae facing lingually (char. 47:3; char. 48:2), and the axis passing through both carinae at mid-crown in mesialmost teeth that is perpendicular to long axis of skull (char. 49:2). D. Right premaxilla of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (FMNH PR 2100) in palatal view displaying the subrectangular alveoli (char. 13:1), a 'flying-saucer'-shaped outline of the mesialmost teeth (char. 41:2), a concave area present on the lingual side of the crown and adjacent to both carina (char. 42:2), a non-twisted mesial carina (char. 46:0) facing mesially (char. 47:0), a distal carina facing distally (char. 48:0), and an axis passing through both carinae at mid-crown in mesialmost teeth medio-laterally oriented from long axis of skull (char. 49:1). E. First premaxillary tooth of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (NCSM 14345) in anterior (E1) and posterior (E2) views and premaxillary teeth in palatal view (E3) showing the oval alveoli (char. 13:0), and the mesial carina facing labially (char. 47.1) and terminating well-above the cervix (char. 50:0). Unlike Dubreuillosaurus valesdunensis, the distal carina, pointed by the green arrows, is here strongly displaced labially (char. 48:1). F. Isolated premaxillary crown of Dromaeosaurus albertensis (AMNH 5356) in lingual (F1) and distal (F2) views showing the concave area on the lingual side of the crown and adjacent to the mesial carina only (char. 42:3), and the strongly twisted mesial carina (char. 46:1) terminating at the level of the cervix (char. 50:1). Like Acrocanthosaurus, the distal carina, designated by the green arrow, is strongly displaced labially (char. 48:1). G. Isolated lateral tooth of Carcharodontosaurus saharicus (UC PV6) in lingual (G1), mesial (G2) and labial (G3) views showing the weak constriction between root and crown at the lateral margin (char. 64:2), the weakly sigmoid distal profile of the crown due to the convex apical half of the tooth (char. 68:3), the pronounced and well-visible marginal undulations (char. 112:1) adjacent to both carinae (char. 113:2), and the mesial carina terminating well beneath the cervix (char. 80:2) and extending further basally than the distal carina (char. 79:1; the basal extension of carinae are represented by green bars). H. Lateral teeth of Genyodectes serus (MLP 26-39) in linguodistal (H1) and apical (H2) views showing the concave surface adjacent to the distal carina (char. 71:1) and the wide mesiodistally concave area on the basal part of the labial margin of the crown and giving a bean-shape outline of the cross-section (char. 72:2). I. Tenth left maxillary tooth of Rugops primus (MNN IGU1) in labial views showing the slightly concave, roughly straight distal margin of the crown (char. 68:1), the apically hooked denticles on the distal carina (char. 88:2), and the parabolic margin of apical denticles on the mesial carina (char. 89:1), having a vertical subrectangular shape (char. 91:0). J. Maxillary tooth of Irritator challengeri (SMNS 58022) in labial view showing the convex, almost straight mesial (char. 69:1) and distal (char. 68:2) margins of the crown. K. Mid-crown denticles on the distal carina of the first left maxillary crown of Erectopus superbus (MNHN 2001-4) in lateral view showing the narrow interdenticular space (char. 103:0), and the short interdenticular sulci (char. 105:1) in between the denticles. L. Mid-crown denticles on the distal carina of the height right maxillary tooth of Tyrannosaurus rex (FMNH PR 2081) in laterodistal view showing the broad interdenticular space (char. 103:1) and the welldeveloped interdenticular sulci (char. 105:2) in between the denticles. M. Mid-crown denticles on the distal carina of the third right maxillary tooth of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (FMNH PR 2278) in lateral view showing the apically hooked denticles (char. 88:2), the narrow interdenticular space (char. 103:0), and the well-developed interdenticular sulci (char. 105:2).

FIGURE A6 in Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and dentition-based phylogeny as a contribution for the identification of isolated theropod teeth

FIGURE A6. Strict consensus cladogram of 10 most parsimonious trees recovered from the analysis of a data matrix of dentition based characters. Initial analysis was a New Technology Search using TNT v.1.1 of a data matrix comprising 141 characters for one outgroup (Eoraptor) and 59 nonavian theropod taxa. Tree length = 681 steps; CI = 0.338; RI = 0.56. Bremer support values are in bold and bootstrap values are in italic.

FIGURE A3 in Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and dentition-based phylogeny as a contribution for the identification of isolated theropod teeth

FIGURE A3. States of denticle-based characters. A. Mid-crown denticles on the distal carina of an isolated tooth of Carcharodontosaurus saharicus (UC unlabelled) in lateral view showing the asymmetrically convex (char. 88:1) and parabolic (char. 90:0) margin of subquadrangular (char. 92:0) and apically inclined (char. 96:1) denticles, as well as a narrow interdenticular space (char. 103:0). B. Mid-crown denticles on the distal carina of an isolated tooth of Afrovenator abakensis (UC unlabelled) in lateral view showing the symmetrically convex (char. 88:0) and semi-circular (char. 90:2) margin of horizontal subrectangular (char. 92:1) denticles, perpendicular to mesial margin (char. 96:0), as well as a narrow interdenticular space (char. 103:0). C. Distal denticles of the fourth left maxillary tooth of Eodromaeus murphi (PVSJ 561) in lateral view displaying the mid-crown denticles vertically subrectangular in shape (char. 92:2) and having a convex external margin (char. 90:0) on the distal carina. D. Third left maxillary tooth of Scipionyx samniticus in lateral view displaying an unserrated mesial carina (char. 76:1), mid-crown denticles vertically subrectangular in shape (char. 92:2) and having a flattened margin (char. 90:1) on the distal carina, and a serrated distal carina extending well-beneath the crown apex (char. 102:1). E. Mid-crown denticles on the distal carina of an isolated tooth belonging to an indeterminate abelisaurid (MUCPv 482) in lateral view showing apically hooked denticles (char. 88:2) with a parabolic margin (char. 90:0), subquadrangular in shape (char. 92:0) and apically inclined (char. 96:1) from the distal margin, as well as a narrow interdenticular space between the denticles (char. 103:0). F. Mid-crown denticles on the distal carina of the third right premaxillary tooth of Eoraptor lunensis (PVSJ 512) in lateral view showing the apically hooked denticles (char. 55:2). G. Basal and mid-crown denticles on the distal carina of an isolated tooth of Troodon formosus (DMNH 22837) in lateral view showing subquadrangular (char. 92:0), apically hooked and strongly variable in size (char. 88:2) denticles, apically inclined (char. 96:1) from the distal margin, as well as a broad interdenticular space (char. 103:1) between them. H. Apical denticles on the mesial carina of an isolated tooth of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (SMU 74646) in lateral view showing the subquadrangular (char. 91:1) and apically inclined (char. 95:1) denticles with a flattened margin (char. 89:1). I. Apical denticles on the mesial carina of an isolated lateral crown belonging to Megalosaurus bucklandi (NHM R234, tooth in matrix) in lateral view showing the apically inclined (char. 95:1) and biconvex denticles (char. 94:1). J. Mid-crown denticles on the distal carina of the ninth right maxillary tooth of Allosaurus fragilis (AMNH 851) in lateral view showing the symmetrically convex (char. 88:0), horizontal subrectangular (char. 92:1) and apically inclined (char. 96:1) denticles, as well as the broad interdenticular space (char. 103:1). K. Mid-crown denticles on the distal carina of an isolated tooth of Suchomimus tenerensis (MNN G73-3) in lateral view showing the serrated carina (char. 78:0) with minute denticles (char. 86:0) of irregular size along the carina (char. 93:1) and a veined enamel texture (char. 117:2). L. Distal carina at mid-crown in an isolated tooth of Spinosaurus aegyptiacus (MSNM V6422) in laterodistal view showing an unserrated carina (char. 78:1) and a deeply veined enamel surface texture (char. 117:2) curving basally in the vicinity of the carina (char. 118:1). M. Distal carina at mid-crown of a maxillary tooth of Irritator challengeri (SMNS 58022) in lateral view showing an unserrated carina (char. 78:1) and the smooth enamel surface texture (char. 117:0).

FIGURE A5 in Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and dentition-based phylogeny as a contribution for the identification of isolated theropod teeth

FIGURE A5. States of crown undulation-based characters and distribution of transversal and marginal undulations in nonavian Theropoda. A. Fifth? left maxillary tooth of Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis (formerly Sanjuansaurus gordilloi, PVSJ 605) in lateroventral view displaying the well-visible (char. 109:2) but few (char. 110:0) transversal undulations on the crown. B. Fifth or sixth left maxillary tooth of Ceratosaurus nasicornis (USNM 4735) in labial view displaying the well-visible (char. 109:2) but few (char. 110:0) transversal undulations on the crown. C. Second left maxillary tooth of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (FMNH PR 2278) in medioposterior view displaying the well-visible (char. 109:2) but few (char. 110:0) transversal undulations on the crown, as well as the subrectangular maxillary alveoli (char. 23:1). D. Isolated lateral tooth of Megalosaurus bucklandii (OUMNH J.29866) in lateral view displaying the well-visible (char. 109:2) and numerous and closely packed (char. 110:1) transversal undulations on the crown. E. Fifth and sixth right maxillary teeth of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (NCSM 14345) in lateral view displaying the well-visible (char. 109:2) but few (char. 110:0) transversal undulations, that cannot be confused with the pronounced (char. 112:1) and mesiodistally elongated (char. 111:2) marginal undulations adjacent to the distal carina. F. Eighth left maxillary tooth of Dromaeosaurus albertensis (AMNH 5356) in medial view showing the well-visible (char. 109:2) but few (char. 110:0) transversal undulations on the crown. G. Isolated lateral tooth of Carcharodontosaurus saharicus (UC unnumbered) in laterodistal view showing the elongated (char. 111:2), pronounced (char. 112:1) and mesio-distally oriented (char. 114:0) marginal undulations adjacent to the distal carina. H. Mesial margin of a left maxillary tooth in labialo-mesial view (H1) and distal margin of a right maxillary tooth in labialo-distal view (H2) of Irritator challengeri (SMNS 58022) displaying the elongated (char. 111:2) and mesio-distally oriented (char. 114:0) marginal undulations adjacent to the mesial carina, and the diagonally oriented marginal undulations (char. 114:1), adjacent to the distal carina. I. Isolated lateral tooth of Megalosaurus bucklandi (OUMNH J.23014) in latero-distal view displaying the tenuous (char. 109:2) and few (char. 110:0) transversal undulations on the crown, as well as the short (char. 111:1) and diagonally oriented (char. 114:1) marginal undulations, adjacent to the distal carina only (char. 113:1). J. Isolated lateral tooth of Afrovenator abakensis (UC UBA1) in latero-mesial view displaying the short (char. 111:1) marginal undulations, adjacent to the mesial carina only (char. 113:0). K. Isolated lateral tooth of Neovenator salerii (MIWG 6348) in labial view displaying the concave surface adjacent to the distal carina (char. 71:1), the elongated (char. 111:2), mesio-distally oriented (char. 114:0) marginal undulations, adjacent to the distal carina only (char. 113:1). L. Fourth left maxillary tooth of Ceratosaurus nasicornis (USNM 4735) in mesial view showing the short (char. 111:1) marginal undulations adjacent to the mesial carina only (char. 113:0).

FIGURE 6 in Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and dentition-based phylogeny as a contribution for the identification of isolated theropod teeth

FIGURE 6. Plots of CHR versus DAVG of ML 962, ML 327, ML 966 and 21 theropod taxa comprising the data set. For reasons of clarity, only taxa with serration of less than 20 denticles were considered.

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Data from: Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and dentition-based phylogeny as a contribution for the identification of isolated theropod teeth

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FIGURE A9b in Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and dentition-based phylogeny as a contribution for the identification of isolated theropod teeth

FIGURE A9b. (Continued)

FIGURE A1 in Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and dentition-based phylogeny as a contribution for the identification of isolated theropod teeth

FIGURE A1. Cross-section outlines of the base crown at the cervix in nonavian theropods. A. subcircular; B. elliptical; C. subrectangular; D. oval; E. lanceolate; F. lenticular; G. eight-shaped; H. bean-shaped (reniform); I–J. U-shaped; K–L. Dshaped; M–N. 'Flying-saucer' shape; O. J-shaped.

FIGURE A8. A in Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and dentition-based phylogeny as a contribution for the identification of isolated theropod teeth

FIGURE A8. A. Strict consensus cladogram of nine most parsimonious trees recovered from the analysis of a supermatrix including a dentition-based datamatrix and six recent datasets based on whole theropod skeleton (i.e., Xu et al. 2009; Brusatte et al. 2010; Martinez et al. 2011; Senter 2011; Pol and Rauhut 2012; Carrano et al. 2012). Initial analysis was a New Technology Search using TNT v.1.1 of a supermatrix comprising 1972 characters for one outgroup (Eoraptor) and 59 nonavian theropod taxa. Tree length = 3583 steps; CI = 0.546; RI = 0.604. B. Strict consensus cladogram of four most parsimonious trees recovered from the analysis of a supermatrix after the deletion of the two wildcard taxa Erectopus and Piatnitzkysaurus. Tree length = 3529 steps; CI = 0.575; RI = 0.642.

FIGURE 5 in Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and dentition-based phylogeny as a contribution for the identification of isolated theropod teeth

FIGURE 5. Plots of CBR versus CHR of ML 962, ML 327, ML 966 and 23 theropod taxa comprising the data set. For reasons of clarity, only taxa with CBR of less than 1 were considered.

FIGURE A10 in Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and dentition-based phylogeny as a contribution for the identification of isolated theropod teeth

FIGURE A10. Strict consensus cladogram of 96 most parsimonious trees recovered from the analysis of a supermatrix including a dentition-based datamatrix and six recent datasets based on whole theropod skeleton (i.e., Xu et al. 2009; Brusatte et al. 2010; Martinez et al. 2011; Senter 2011; Pol and Rauhut 2012; Carrano et al. 2012). Initial analysis was a New Technology Search using TNT v.1.1 of a supermatrix comprising 1972 characters for one outgroup (Eoraptor), 59 non-avian theropod taxa and ML 327, ML 966, ML 939 (coded as lateral teeth), and ML 962 (coded as a mesialmost tooth). Tree length = 3607 steps; CI = 0.529; RI = 0.58.