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FIG. 5 in A New Cryptic Species of Polymixia (Teleostei, Acanthomorpha, Polymixiiformes, Polymixiidae) Revealed by Molecules and Morphology

FIG. 5. Closeup views of Polymixia hollisterae, new species. (A) Caudal region and median fins of the holotype, BAMZ 1997-159-006, 173 mm SL. (B) Lateral view of the head of the holotype. (C) Ventral view of the head showing the hyoid barbels of the Bermuda paratype, FMNH 145004, 185 mm SL. The base of each barbel contains three small, modified branchiostegals (Ono, 1982). Scale bars ¼ 1 cm.

FIG. 2 in A New Cryptic Species of Polymixia (Teleostei, Acanthomorpha, Polymixiiformes, Polymixiidae) Revealed by Molecules and Morphology

FIG. 2. The type specimens of Polymixia hollisterae, new species, from Bermuda. (A) Holotype, BAMZ 1997-159-006, 173 mm SL. (B) Paratype, FMNH 145004, 185 mm SL. Scale bars ¼ 1 cm.

FIG. 3 in A New Cryptic Species of Polymixia (Teleostei, Acanthomorpha, Polymixiiformes, Polymixiidae) Revealed by Molecules and Morphology

FIG. 3. The second paratype of Polymixia hollisterae, new species, from the north-central Gulf of Mexico, MCZ 174218, 20 mm SL (formerly DeepEnd Consortium specimen DPND 1320). (A) The image taken aboard ship shortly after collection in 2015, photo by Danté Fenolio, DeepEnd, used with permission. (B) The existing specimen, lacking the posterior one-third of the body and tail owing to tissue sampling for DNA. Scale bars ¼ 5 mm (estimated from the specimen's original standard length).

FIG. 1 in A New Cryptic Species of Polymixia (Teleostei, Acanthomorpha, Polymixiiformes, Polymixiidae) Revealed by Molecules and Morphology

FIG. 1. Phylogeny of species and species groups in the genus Polymixia based on Bayesian results using nuclear and mitochondrial loci from Borden et al. (2019). The new Bermuda species is a member of the P. japonica species group, sister to P. japonica þ Polymixia cf. P. japonica. The triangle representing each species has its vertical edge proportional to the number of genetic samples studied and its left apex located at the earliest split among all of its samples (compare with Borden et al., 2019: fig. 4).

Figure 6 in Early fossils illuminate character evolution and interrelationships of Lampridiformes (Teleostei, Acanthomorpha)

Figure 6. Strict consensus of the 12 most parsimonious trees obtained after analysis 2 (with all 24 taxa, fossil and extant, included). Fossil taxa are indicated by daggers (†). Numbers above branches are Bremer indexes; tree length = 155 steps; consistency index, CI = 0.48; retention index, RI = 0.72.

Figure 5. Most parsimonious tree obtained after analysis 1 in Early fossils illuminate character evolution and interrelationships of Lampridiformes (Teleostei, Acanthomorpha)

Figure 5. Most parsimonious tree obtained after analysis 1 (with only the ten extant taxa included). Numbers above branches are Bremer indexes; tree length = 107 steps; consistency index, CI = 0.64; retention index, RI = 0.71.

Figure 1 in Early fossils illuminate character evolution and interrelationships of Lampridiformes (Teleostei, Acanthomorpha)

Figure 1. Cranial skeleton of several taxa studied. A, neurocranium of †Aipichthys velifer (reconstruction), after Gayet (1980a: fig. 25). Scale bar: 2 mm. B, neurocranium of †Aipichthyoides galeatus (reconstruction), after Gayet (1980b: fig. 8). Scale bar: 3 mm. C, neurocranium of Lampris guttatus, after Oelschläger (1983: fig. 12). Scale bar: 2 cm. D, left hyomandibula of the myctophiform Lampanyctus sp., after Paxton (1972: fig. 7B). Scale bar: 1 mm. E, left hyomandibula of †Aipichthys minor, after Otero & Gayet (1996: fig. 8A). Scale bar: 1 mm. F, left hyomandibula of Metavelifer multiradiatus, AMNH 91808SD. Scale bar: 1 cm. G, urohyal of Merluccius, MNHN research collection. Scale bar: 1 cm. H, urohyal of Lampris guttatus, AMNH 79669SD. Scale bar: 1 cm. Abbreviations: chc, cranio-hyomandibular condyle; fr, frontal; let, lateral ethmoid; met, mesethmoid; soc, supraoccipital.

Figure 3 in Early fossils illuminate character evolution and interrelationships of Lampridiformes (Teleostei, Acanthomorpha)

Figure 3. Caudal skeleton of several studied taxa. A, †Aipichthys minor (reconstruction), after Patterson (1968: fig. 11A). Scale bar: 1 mm. B, †Aspesaipichthys cavaensis (reconstruction), after Taverne (2004: fig. 7). Scale bar: 1 mm. C, Velifer hypselopterus (= Velifer africanus) (Veliferidae), after Oelschläger (1983: fig. 82). Scale bar: 1 mm. D, †Aipichthys velifer, MNHN.F.HAK57, showing hypurostegy of the caudal fin rays. Scale bar: 5 mm. Photo D. Davesne. E, Lampris guttatus, ZMUC 74, showing hypurostegy of the caudal fin rays. Scale bar: 5 cm. Photo M.A. Krag. Abbreviations: hy, hypural; phy, parhypural; pu, preural vertebral centrum; u, ural vertebral centrum.

FIGURE 28 in A taxonomic review of the family Trachipteridae (Acanthomorpha: Lampridiformes), with an emphasis on taxa distributed in the western Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 28. Desmodema polystictum (Ogilby 1898). MCZ 60557; 355 mm SL. A, scales at base of dorsal fin. B, Isolated scale.

FIGURE 26 in A taxonomic review of the family Trachipteridae (Acanthomorpha: Lampridiformes), with an emphasis on taxa distributed in the western Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 26. Desmodema polystictum (Ogilby 1898). Fresh specimen trawled at 1000 m depth, representing the first record from Oman. Photo © Laith Jawad, used with permission.

FIGURE 24 in A taxonomic review of the family Trachipteridae (Acanthomorpha: Lampridiformes), with an emphasis on taxa distributed in the western Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 24. Desmodema sp. USNM 165552; 367 mm SVL. Head in lateral view. Arrow indicating position of bony ridge.

FIGURE 27 in A taxonomic review of the family Trachipteridae (Acanthomorpha: Lampridiformes), with an emphasis on taxa distributed in the western Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 27. Desmodema sp. Live specimen (not collected) approximately 1.2 m TL photographed in Guadeloupe at 5 to 6 m depth. © Daniel Rabble, used with permission.

FIGURE 20 in A taxonomic review of the family Trachipteridae (Acanthomorpha: Lampridiformes), with an emphasis on taxa distributed in the western Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 20. Zu sp. Live specimen (not collected) photographed in Mallorca, Spain. © Michael Makowiecki, used with permission.

FIGURE 21 in A taxonomic review of the family Trachipteridae (Acanthomorpha: Lampridiformes), with an emphasis on taxa distributed in the western Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 21. Zu sp. Live specimen (not collected) photographed in Nusa Penida, Indonesia.© Helen Mitchell, used with permission.

FIGURE 15. Trachipterus arawatae Clarke 1881 in A taxonomic review of the family Trachipteridae (Acanthomorpha: Lampridiformes), with an emphasis on taxa distributed in the western Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 15. Trachipterus arawatae Clarke 1881. Holotype; NMNZ.P.1008; 51 mm SL. Photo acquired from The Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa website (https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/object/180115) and used under CC BY 4.0; modified from file titled: peregrin dealfish, Trachipterus trachypterus (Gmelin, 1789).

FIGURE 14 in A taxonomic review of the family Trachipteridae (Acanthomorpha: Lampridiformes), with an emphasis on taxa distributed in the western Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 14. Trachipterus sp. (NMNZ P.41970; 1724 mm SL). Scale collected from the base of the dorsal-fin rays. Anterior facing left.

FIGURE 11 in A taxonomic review of the family Trachipteridae (Acanthomorpha: Lampridiformes), with an emphasis on taxa distributed in the western Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 11. Juvenile specimens of Trachipterus spp. from A, Tasmania (CSIRO H-4947; 183.32 mm SVL) and B, West Pacific (KPM-NI0007802; 254 mm SL).

FIGURE 10 in A taxonomic review of the family Trachipteridae (Acanthomorpha: Lampridiformes), with an emphasis on taxa distributed in the western Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 10. Trachipterus arcticus (VIMS 25015, 1205 mm SL). Caudal-fin skeleton showing supporting elements (preural centurum 1, pu1; fused ural centrum and hypural plate, uc + hp) with elongate dorsal caudal fin rays (dcfr) and reduced ventral caudal fin rays (vcfr). Also shown are the posteriormost lateral line plates (llp).

FIGURE 9 in A taxonomic review of the family Trachipteridae (Acanthomorpha: Lampridiformes), with an emphasis on taxa distributed in the western Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 9. Trachipterus sp. (KPM-NI0027573; 61 mm SL). Specimen dipnetted from Maizuru Bay, Sea of Japan. A. Specimen defrosted for examination at KPM. B. Anterior dorsal-fin rays (dfr) showing one short ray (white arrow) followed by four elongate rays (the fourth is broken), a short interspace, and the remaining rays of the elongate dorsal fin.

FIGURE 8 in A taxonomic review of the family Trachipteridae (Acanthomorpha: Lampridiformes), with an emphasis on taxa distributed in the western Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 8. Head length, pre-anus length, post-anus (caudal region) length, and body depth at pectoral origin in Trachipterus spp. (55.9 to 2472 mm SL).