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FIG. 5 in A study of the morphology and distribution of four Achnanthidium Kütz. species (Bacillariophyta), implications for ecological status assessment, and description of two new European species

FIG. 5. — Achnanthidium sieminskae Witkowski, Kulikowskiy & Riaux-Gob.: A-I, specimens from Loch Morlich, Scotland; J-P, specimens from River Spey, Scotland; Q-W, specimens from River Feshie, Scotland; X-AR, specimens from unnamed stream west of Arnisdale, Highland, Scotland; AS-AX, specimens from River Ehen, England; AY-BN, specimens from Llyn y Fan Fawr, Wales; B-P, R-W, Y-BN, LM views of valves; A, Q, X, LM views of frustules in girdle view. Scale bar: 10 µm.

FIG. 4 in A study of the morphology and distribution of four Achnanthidium Kütz. species (Bacillariophyta), implications for ecological status assessment, and description of two new European species

FIG. 4. — Achnanthidium caledonicum (Lange-Bert.) Lange-Bert.: A, C, specimens from Brunnsee, Germany; B, D, specimens from Scotland, 2012, 44sto; A, SEM external view of frustule in girdle view and valve face of rapheless valve; B, SEM external view of pole in girdle view and valve mantle; C, SEM internal view of whole raphe valve; D, SEM internal view of valve centre of raphe valve. Scale bars: A, 10 µm; B, D, 3 µm; C, 5 µm.

FIG. 13 in A study of the morphology and distribution of four Achnanthidium Kütz. species (Bacillariophyta), implications for ecological status assessment, and description of two new European species

FIG. 13. — Achnanthidium neomicrocephalum Lange-Bert. & F.Staab: A, specimen from Loch Tarff, Scotland; B-D, specimens from Llyn y Fan Fawr, Wales; A-D, SEM views of rapheless valves; A, B, SEM external views of valves; C, SEM external view of valve pole; D, SEM external view of valve centre. Scale bars: A, B, 5 µm; C, D, 2 µm.

APPENDIX 1 in A study of the morphology and distribution of four Achnanthidium Kütz. species (Bacillariophyta), implications for ecological status assessment, and description of two new European species

APPENDIX 1. — Principal component analysis of Fourier shape harmonics for identified species. The biplot presents the first two axes with a total explained variance of 96.4 %.

APPENDIX 2 in A study of the morphology and distribution of four Achnanthidium Kütz. species (Bacillariophyta), implications for ecological status assessment, and description of two new European species

APPENDIX 2. — Linear discriminant analysis of Fourier shape harmonics for A. sieminskae Witkowski, Kulikowskiy & Riaux-Gob. from different geographic regions (Europe, Wales, Scotland and England). Specimens of A. caledonicum (Lange-Bert.) Lange-Bert. are used as the outgroup. The biplot presents the first two axes with a total explained variance of 90.3 %.

FIG. 19 in A study of the morphology and distribution of four Achnanthidium Kütz. species (Bacillariophyta), implications for ecological status assessment, and description of two new European species

FIG. 19. — Linear discriminant analysis of elliptic Fourier shape harmonics for identified species. The biplot presents the first 2 axes with a total explained variance of 81.3 %.

FIG. 21 in A study of the morphology and distribution of four Achnanthidium Kütz. species (Bacillariophyta), implications for ecological status assessment, and description of two new European species

FIG. 21. — Relationships between diatom assemblages, four Achnanthidium Kütz. species and land use in 52 streams, rivers and lakes of Scotland, United Kingdom. A, B, NMDS ordination (2D stress 0.1) of Bray-Curtis similarities of diatom assemblages: A, the vector plot shows the direction of linear increase in land use types and the multiple correlation of each of the land use categories with the diatom assemblages; B, the vector plot shows the direction of linear increase in the most abundant diatom species and the multiple correlation of each species with the diatom assemblages. C-F, bubble plots of species: the relative abundance of four diatom species in 52 diatom assemblages is represented by the circle size: C, Achnanthidium minutissimum (Kütz.) Czarn.; D, Achnanthidium sieminskae Witkowski, Kulikowskiy & Riaux-Gob.; E, Achnanthidium neomicrocephalum Lange-Bert. & F.Staab; F, Achnanthidium caledonicum (Lange-Bert.) Lange-Bert.

FIG. 3 in A study of the morphology and distribution of four Achnanthidium Kütz. species (Bacillariophyta), implications for ecological status assessment, and description of two new European species

FIG. 3. — Achnanthidium caledonicum (Lange-Bert.) Lange-Bert.: A-B, specimens from Brunnsee, Germany; C-F, specimens from Scotland, 2012, 44sto; A, SEM external view of whole raphe valve and rapheless valve; B, SEM external view of whole raphe valve, mantle and girdle bands at pole; C, SEM external view of valve centre of raphe valve; D, SEM external view of valve centre of rapheless valve; E, SEM external view of pole of raphe valve; F, SEM external view of pole of rapheless valve. Scale bars: A, 10 µm; B, 5 µm; C-F, 3 µm.

FIG. 2 in Two new species of Achnanthidium Kützing (Achnanthidiaceae) from the Quaternary sediments of the Colônia basin, Southeast Brazil

FIG. 2. — Achnanthidium ectorianum Marquardt & C.E.Wetzel, sp. nov. Population from the type locality. SEM: A-E, external views, raphe valve; F, internal view, raphe valve. Scale bars: A, 4 µm; B-F, 5 µm.

FIG. 7 in Two new species of Achnanthidium Kützing (Achnanthidiaceae) from the Quaternary sediments of the Colônia basin, Southeast Brazil

FIG. 7. — Achnanthidium craterianum Marquardt & C.E.Wetzel, sp. nov. Population from the type locality. SEM: A-D, internal views; A-C, raphe valve; B, detail of helictoglossa, apical striae, and areolae; C, detail of the central area and transapical striae; D, rapheless valve. Scale bars: 1 µm.

FIG. 5 in Two new species of Achnanthidium Kützing (Achnanthidiaceae) from the Quaternary sediments of the Colônia basin, Southeast Brazil

FIG. 5. — Achnanthidium craterianum Marquardt & C.E.Wetzel, sp. nov. Population from the type locality. LM micrographs, size diminution series: A-U, raphe valve; V-AH, raphless valve; AI-AJ, frustules in girdle view. Scale bar: 10 μm.

FIG. 1 in Two new species of Achnanthidium Kützing (Achnanthidiaceae) from the Quaternary sediments of the Colônia basin, Southeast Brazil

FIG. 1. — Achnanthidium ectorianum Marquardt & C.E.Wetzel, sp. nov. Population from the type locality. LM micrographs, size diminution series: A-T, raphe valve; U-AM, raphless valve; AN, frustules in girdle view. Scale bar: 10 μm.

FIG. 4 in Two new species of Achnanthidium Kützing (Achnanthidiaceae) from the Quaternary sediments of the Colônia basin, Southeast Brazil

FIG. 4. — Achnanthidium ectorianum Marquardt & C.E.Wetzel, sp. nov. Population from the type locality. SEM: A-C, external views, rapheless valve; D-E, internal views, rapheless valve; F, girdle view. Scale bars: A, 3 µm; B-F, 5 µm.

FIG. 8 in Two new species of Achnanthidium Kützing (Achnanthidiaceae) from the Quaternary sediments of the Colônia basin, Southeast Brazil

FIG. 8. — Achnanthidium craterianum Marquardt & C.E.Wetzel, sp. nov. Population from the type locality. SEM: A-C, girdle views. Scale bars: 1 µm.

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Fig. 1 in Four Achnanthidium species (Bacillariophyta) formerly identified as Achnanthidium minutissimum from the Antarctic Region

Fig. 1. The Antarctic region with the location of the sampled islands and archipelagos.

FIGURES 27–32. Achnanthidium tibeticum Y in One new species of Achnanthidium Kützing (Bacillariophyta, Achnanthidiaceae) from Tibet, China

FIGURES 27–32. Achnanthidium tibeticum Y.Liu & Kociolek sp. nov. SEM pictures, rapheless valve. 27–30. External view. 27. Whole valve view, showing the round areolae on the valve face (small arrow) and slit-like areolae on the mantle (wide arrow). 28–29. Apices of the same valve. 30. External areolae openings. 31–32. Internal view, apex of the valve (Fig. 31) and of the whole valve (Fig. 32). Scale bars indicated in each figure.

FIGURES 21–26. Achnanthidium tibeticum Y in One new species of Achnanthidium Kützing (Bacillariophyta, Achnanthidiaceae) from Tibet, China

FIGURES 21–26. Achnanthidium tibeticum Y.Liu & Kociolek sp. nov. SEM pictures, internal view of the raphe valve. 21, 26. Whole valve view. 22–23 Helictoglossa of the same valve. 24. Internal opening of the areolae. 25. Proximal raphe ends. Scale bars indicated in each figure.

FIGURES 15–20. Achnanthidium tibeticum Y in One new species of Achnanthidium Kützing (Bacillariophyta, Achnanthidiaceae) from Tibet, China

FIGURES 15–20. Achnanthidium tibeticum Y.Liu & Kociolek sp. nov. SEM pictures, external view of the raphe valve. 15. Whole valve view. 16–17. Distal raphe end from the same valve. 18. Proximal raphe ends. 19. Proximal raphe end and the areolae openings. 20. Whole valve view, showing the round areolae opening on the valve face (small arrow) and slit-like areolae on the mantle (wide arrow). Scale bars indicated in each figure.

FIGURES 1–14. Achnanthidium tibeticum Y in One new species of Achnanthidium Kützing (Bacillariophyta, Achnanthidiaceae) from Tibet, China

FIGURES 1–14. Achnanthidium tibeticum Y.Liu & Kociolek sp. nov. LM images showing the size diminution of the valve. "=" means the raphe valve and rapheless valve are from the same frustule. Scale bar: 10 μm.