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Figure 4 in Ontogeny of Chenophila platyrhynchos sp. nov. (Acari: Syringophilidae), an ectoparasite of the Mallard Anas platyrhynchos (Anseriformes: Anatidae)

Figure 4. Chenophila platyrhynchos sp. nov., protonymph: A) dorsal view, B) ventral view, C) gnathosoma in dorsal view, D) gnathosoma in ventral view, E) peritremes, F) tarsus I in dorsal view, G) tarsus II in dorsal view.

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Fig. 2 in More evidence for plesiomorphy of the quadrate in the Eocene anseriform avian genus Presbyornis

Fig. 2. Most parsimonious distribution of 11 best defined characters of the anseriform quadrate (see also Elzanowski and Stidham 2010), with caudal views of the quadrates. A. Megapodius freycinet Gaimard, 1823. B. Presbyornis sp. C. Anhima cornuta (Linnaeus, 1766). D. Anseranas semipalmata (Latham, 1798). E. Dendrocygna viduata (Linnaeus, 1766). Synapomorphies: Galloanseres: 1, subcapitular tubercle present; 2, mandibular articulation bicondylar; 3, mandibular articulation narrower than half the height of the quadrate (which makes it look slender). Anseriformes: 4, supraorbital crest present (see Fig. 1A 2, B 2); 5, mandibular condyles overlap (interdigitate with their tips) across the intercondylar vallecula (see Fig. 1A 3, B 3). Crown-group Anseriformes: 6, submeatic prominence or process present; 7, orbitocotylar crest does not extend on the quadrate corpus (as it does in Presbyornis; see Fig. 1A 2, A 4, B 2, B 4); 8, medial condyle distinctly offset proximad relative to the lateral condyle; 9, no basiorbital foramen (except for a minute opening in some anhimid specimens). Anseranas and Anatidae: 10, the rostral tongue of the squamosal capitulum ending as a saddle-shaped concavity; 11, inflated submeatic prominence. Asterisk marks the presence of the caudomedial foramen (vestigial in the Anhimidae). The presence/absence of this foramen has not been included in the character optimization because its absence in all Presbyornis quadrates has yet to be confirmed.

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Fig. 1 in More evidence for plesiomorphy of the quadrate in the Eocene anseriform avian genus Presbyornis

Fig. 1. The quadrates of anseriform bird Presbyornis from the Lower Eocene of Tsagaan Khushuu, Mongolia. A. PIN 3104-209 (reversed). B. PIN 3104- 208. In dorsal (A 1, B1), rostral (A 2, B2), ventral (A 3, B3), lateral (A 4, B4), rostromedial (A 5, B5), medial (A 6, B6), and caudal (A 7, B7) views.

Fig. 6 in The Fossil Waterfowl (Aves: Anseriformes) from the Eocene of England

Fig. 6. The original holotype sternum of Proherodius oweni Lydekker (BMNH PAL 43164) in right lateral view. Scale bar is 10 mm.

Fig. 5 in The Fossil Waterfowl (Aves: Anseriformes) from the Eocene of England

Fig. 5. Additional fossil material referred to Headonornis hantoniensis (BMNH PAL 6240). A, right proximal humerus in caudal view; B, cranial view; C, referred distal end of left humerus in cranial view (BMNH PAL 5105). Characters based on the hypothesis of Ericson (1999) are labeled. Scale bars are 5 mm. Abbreviations as follows: a, incisura capitis humeri; b, impression of M. scapulohumeralis cranialis; c, tuberculum supracondylare ventrale; d, epicondylus dorsalis.

Fig. 7 in The Fossil Waterfowl (Aves: Anseriformes) from the Eocene of England

Fig. 7. Additional specimens pertaining to named fossil waterfowl taxa from the Eocene of England. A, BMNH PAL 4405 (cast of SMC C20949), left coracoid in dorsal aspect (specimen referred to Palaeopapia eous Harrison and Walker); B, BMNH PAL 4412, proximal right scapula in medial view (holotype of Palaeopapia hamsteadiensis Harrison and Walker); C, BMNH PAL 4407, proximal right coracoid in dorsal view (holotype of Paracygnopterus scotti Harrison and Walker). Scale bar is 10 mm.

Fig. 1 in The Fossil Waterfowl (Aves: Anseriformes) from the Eocene of England

Fig. 1. Parts of the holotype specimen of Anatalavis oxfordi Olson (BMNH PAL 5922). A, skull in lateral views; B, furcula; C, coracoid in dorsal and medial views. Scale bars are 10 mm. HYP indicates hypocleidium (apophysis furculae); FP, foramen pneumaticum.

Fig. 4 in The Fossil Waterfowl (Aves: Anseriformes) from the Eocene of England

Fig. 4. Some of the fossil material referred to Headonornis hantoniensis Harrison and Walker. A, holotype right coracoid in dorsal view (BMNH PAL 30325); B, referred distal end of left humerus in cranial view (BMNH PAL 5105); C, referred right humerus in caudal view (BMNH PAL 3686). Scale bars are 5 mm.

Fig. 3 in The Fossil Waterfowl (Aves: Anseriformes) from the Eocene of England

Fig. 3. Single tree (138 steps) resulting from reanalysis of Livezey (1997) and including the London Clay fossil Anatalavis (consistency index CI = 0.761; retention index RI = 0.815).

Figure 13 in Bone surface texture as an ontogenetic indicator in long bones of the Canada goose Branta canadensis (Anseriformes: Anatidae)

Figure 13. Histology underlying grossly smooth surface textures in transverse section. A, single-layered fibrolamellar cortex (DMNH 83592, tibiotarsus section c). B, three-layered cortex with a central fibrolamellar core and endosteal and periosteal lamellar bone (DMNH 83591, femur section e). M, medullary cavity; P, osteogenic layer of periosteum. Scale bars: A = 50 µm; B = 92 µm.

Figure 6. A in Bone surface texture as an ontogenetic indicator in long bones of the Canada goose Branta canadensis (Anseriformes: Anatidae)

Figure 6. A, very faint transverse wrinkles, indicated by arrows (DMNH 82228, tibiotarsus). B, a more prominent transverse wrinkled texture pattern (DMNH 82910, femur). C, scattered pores, examples indicated by arrows, on an otherwise nonporous surface (DMNH 82729, femur). D, rugose texture (DMNH 82944, femur). E, areas of rugose texture on an otherwise smooth surface (DMNH 80847, humerus). Scale bars = 1 cm.

Figure 5 in Bone surface texture as an ontogenetic indicator in long bones of the Canada goose Branta canadensis (Anseriformes: Anatidae)

Figure 5. Examples of striated, fibrous, and porous texture patterns. A, longitudinal striations with (top) and without (bottom) transverse struts (DMNH 83589, tibiotarsus). B, fibrous texture (DMNH 78603, humerus). C, shorter-grained fibrous texture, intermediate between (B) and (D) (DMNH 82727, humerus). D, dotted pattern of porous texture (DMNH 82727, femur). E, rough grainy texture lacking distinct individual pores (DMNH 82247, femur). Scale bars = 1 cm.

Figure 12. Juvenile bone DMNH 83585 in Bone surface texture as an ontogenetic indicator in long bones of the Canada goose Branta canadensis (Anseriformes: Anatidae)

Figure 12. Juvenile bone DMNH 83585 in longitudinal section. A, longitudinal to slightly oblique channels intersecting the bone surface (arrows) in the distal region of the shaft (tibiotarsus region d). B, oblique channels intersecting the bone surface (arrows) just proximal to the midshaft region (tibiotarsus region b). C, irregular channels in the midshaft region (tibiotarsus region c). M, medullary cavity; P, periosteum. Scale bars = 92 µm.

Figure 7 in Bone surface texture as an ontogenetic indicator in long bones of the Canada goose Branta canadensis (Anseriformes: Anatidae)

Figure 7. Examples of nonpenetrating longitudinal and smooth texture patterns. A, shallow longitudinal grooves (DMNH 82732, humerus). B, shallow surface dimples (DMNH 82730, femur). C, generally smooth texture with extremely faint longitudinal grooves (DMNH 82730, tibiotarsus). D, completely smooth surface (DMNH 82730, humerus). Scale bars = 1 cm.

Figure 3 in Bone surface texture as an ontogenetic indicator in long bones of the Canada goose Branta canadensis (Anseriformes: Anatidae)

Figure 3. Results of the cluster analyses of bone landmark characters. The distance metric is normalized percent disagreement. Complete linkage method (farthest neighbour). All specimen designations are DMNH catalogue numbers. The numbers in parentheses represent ontogenetic stages. Femur: DMNH 78500 differs from 'All Others' only in the lack of character 10 (medial scar for M. flexor perforati II and IV). Tibiotarsus: DMNH 83058 differs from 'All Others' only in the lack of character 13 (peroneal sulcus). Humerus: DMNH 78603 differs from 'All Others' only in the lack of character 12 (bicipital crest).

Figure 14 in Bone surface texture as an ontogenetic indicator in long bones of the Canada goose Branta canadensis (Anseriformes: Anatidae)

Figure 14. Irregular resorptive surface with large erosion bays lined by numerous osteoclasts (arrows), seen in transverse section (DMNH 83592, tibiotarsus section a). P, periosteum. Scale bar = 92 µm.

Figure 1 in Bone surface texture as an ontogenetic indicator in long bones of the Canada goose Branta canadensis (Anseriformes: Anatidae)

Figure 1. Locations of thin sections used in the autocontrol study. A, femur; B, tibiotarsus. Labelled lines indicate the positions of transverse sections. Longitudinal sections are designated based on the transverse lines they intersect.

Figure 11 in Bone surface texture as an ontogenetic indicator in long bones of the Canada goose Branta canadensis (Anseriformes: Anatidae)

Figure 11. Transverse sections of immature long bones. A, single-layered fibrolamellar cortex (DMNH 83586, femur section c). B, active incorporation of channels at the surface of the fibrolamellar cortex (DMNH 83586, tibiotarsus section c). C, stratified fibrolamellar cortex (DMNH 83586, tibiotarsus section c). D, circularly orientated oblique channels in outer regions of fibrolamellar cortex (DMNH 83589, femur section d). B, blood vessel with erythrocytes; L, lymphatic vessel; M, medullary cavity; P, osteogenic layer of periosteum. The space within P is a preparation artefact. Scale bars: A, D = 230 µm; B = 50 µm; C = 92 µm.

Figure 4 in Bone surface texture as an ontogenetic indicator in long bones of the Canada goose Branta canadensis (Anseriformes: Anatidae)

Figure 4. Relationships between the percentage adult size based on element length and the percentage maturity based on parsimony and cluster analyses.

Figure 9 in Bone surface texture as an ontogenetic indicator in long bones of the Canada goose Branta canadensis (Anseriformes: Anatidae)

Figure 9. Relationships between texture type and parsimony-based and cluster-based percentage maturity indices. The circle diameter is proportional to the number of specimens.