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FIGURES 20, 21 in Nesting biology and immatures of the oligolectic bee Trachusa larreae (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)

FIGURES 20, 21. Photographs of nest entrances at second site, with coins used to identify tumuli (arrows).

FIGURES 11–19 in Nesting biology and immatures of the oligolectic bee Trachusa larreae (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)

FIGURES 11–19. Microphotographs of immature stages of Trachusa larreae. 11. Egg lying on surface of provisions. 12. Egg inserted in provisions. 13. Probable second instar. 14. Probable third instar. 15. Fourth instar. 16. Early fifth instar, same individual as figure 15, photographed a day later. 17. Same individual as figure 15, photographed a day later, after reorienting, lying on side against provisions while feeding. 18. Live early fifth instar demonstrating middorsal body tubercles and body vestiture of stubble of short setae and long spicules, lateral view. 19. Same, except ventral view, demonstrating pronounced lateral abdominal lobes and absence of same on thorax.

FIGURES 34–36 in Nesting biology and immatures of the oligolectic bee Trachusa larreae (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)

FIGURES 34–36. Microphotographs of cocoon of Trachusa larreae. 34. Outer surface with front end removed, side view. 35. Inner surface, side view, showing reflective part of rear on left and fibrous part of midsection on right. 36. Inner surface of nipple end, showing outer ring of part of fibrous midsection surrounding smooth, nonfibrous fabric covering fine-grained anal discharge that in turn surrounds pale filter in center.

FIGURE 1. H.G.H in Nesting biology and immatures of the oligolectic bee Trachusa larreae (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)

FIGURE 1. H.G.H. pointing to approximate position of first nest of Trachusa larreae discovered in area covered with blooming Eriogonum trichopes; note pollen plant Larrea tridentata to his right. FIGURE 2. First site of nests studied, with first two nests excavated in middle foreground and third nest in background being examined by H.G.H.

FIGURES 52, 53 in Nesting biology and immatures of the oligolectic bee Trachusa larreae (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)

FIGURES 52, 53. Diagrams of fifth instars, lateral view, without vestiture, to same scale (= 1.0 mm), showing pre- and postdefecating morphologies, respectively.

FIGURES 54–57 in Nesting biology and immatures of the oligolectic bee Trachusa larreae (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)

FIGURES 54–57. Microphotograph views of right mandible: 54. dorsal; 55. inner; 56. ventral; and 57. outer. FIGURES 58–59. Microphotographs of spiracles of cleared postdefecating larva: 58. side view; and 59. oblique outer view.

FIGURES 49–50. 49. SEM micrographs abdominal segment 8 in Nesting biology and immatures of the oligolectic bee Trachusa larreae (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)

FIGURES 49–50. 49. SEM micrographs abdominal segment 8, lateral view, showing spiracle above and lateral lobe with its vestiture. 50. Close-up of middle part of lateral lobe; note presence of elongate setiform spicule and setae of three morphologies. FIGURE 51. SEM micrograph of dorsolateral surface of prothorax of larva, viewed somewhat in front, with head (not visible) toward lower left, showing variety of vestiture.

FIGURES 81–86 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 81–86. Macroptic photographs of last larval instar of Stelis ater. 81. Entire postdefecating form, lateral view. 82–84. Head of same, front, lateral, and ventral views, respectively; atp = anterior tentorial pit. 85. Entire early fifth instar, lateral view. 86. Posterior part of abdomen of another specimen, lateral view, showing segmentation of abdominal apex.

FIGURES 64–66 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 64–66. SEM micrographs of inner layer of Stelis ater cocoon. 64. Front end showing opening behind nipple. 65. Close-up of area identified by rectangle in figure 64. 66. Rear of cocoon, to same scale as figure 65, showing lack of fenestrations. FIGURES 67–69. Radiographs of cocoon of Stelis ater with live larva, side view. 67. Entire cocoon. 68. Close-up of anterior end; for explanation, see text. 69. Slice of CT-scan anterior end.

FIGURES 52–57 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 52–57. SEM micrographs of cocoons of Stelis ater. 52. Cross section of cocoon wall showing three layers. 53. Close-up of area identified by rectangle in figure 52. Note non-fenestrated surface and thinness of inner layer in figs 52, 53. 54. Exterior surface of outer layer of nipple removed from rest of cocoon showing nature of fabric. 55. Close-up of area identified by rectangle in figure 54. 56. Under surface of outer layer of nipple removed from cocoon showing dense fibers. 57. Close-up of area identified by rectangle in figure 56, showing texture of fabric.

FIGURES 44–51 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 44–51. Microphotographs of cocoons of Stelis ater. 44. Inner surface of rear of cocoon cut longitudinally. 45. Entire cocoon, with outer lining removed from front end, revealing nearly black inner surface of nipple and middle layer of cocoon, lateral view. 46. Exterior surface of outer layer of nipple end, lateral view. 47. Interior surface of outer layer of nipple showing mass of silk fibers that surrounds and covers passageway to interior. 48. Inner layer of nipple with outer layer removed showing opening of passageway to rest of filter system, approximate lateral view. 49. Front view of opening to inner layer showing open passageway to screen

FIGURE 41 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURE 41. Early fifth instar of Stelis ater attacking fourth instar of Osmia chalybea. FIGURE 42. Wound (arrow) in same fourth instar caused by attack.

FIGURES 35–40 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 35–40. Immatures of Stelis ater. 35. Egg deep in provisions; eggs were encountered both in the provisions and on the front surface of the provisions, as discussed in text. 36. Early instar (arrow) deep in the provisions and feeding larva of Osmia chalybea (right) on front surface of provisions. 37. Egg of Stelis ater (arrow) and probable first instar of Osmia chalybea (left) on front surface of provisions with trachea now visible. 38. Same cell some time later with Stelis ater (arrow) now early feeding instar having not yet encountered Osmia chalybea, which has become an intermediate instar. 39. Early instar of Osmia chalybea being attacked simultaneously by two early instars of Stelis ater; one of which (arrow) is barely visible to the left of the others. Presumably one S. ater larva would later kill the other, since we never found more than one cocoon in a cell. 40. Two feeding early instars of Stelis ater (arrows) from eggs deposited deep in provisions.

FIGURES 73–77 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 73–77. SEM micrograph of anterior ends of eggs of Osmia chalybea and Stelis ater. 73. Anterior pole of egg of O. chalybea. 74. Micropylar area of same identified by rectangle in figure 73. 75. Close-up of micropylar disc of same. 76. Anterior pole of Stelis ater. 77. Micropylar area of same identified by rectangle in figure 76.

FIGURES 58–63 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 58–63. SEM micrographs of nipple end of cocoon of Stelis ater with outer layer of cocoon removed. 58. Part of nipple removed to expose passageway from tip of nipple to screened surface. 59. Close-up of screen forming base of chamber. 60. Part removed from nipple, showing texture of inner surface thought to result from larva pushing silk forward from inside the cocoon. 61–63. Close-ups of area identified by rectangles in figure 61, respectively; note changes in surface texture of silk, with silk of inner chamber shiniest.

FIGURES 18–22 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 18–22. Microphotographs of cocoons of Osmia chalybea. 18. Inner surface of cocoon with cap of filter removed, cut longitudinally, showing white inner layer on anterior section fusing posteriorly with middle layer to produce dark semitransparent surface; note dark outer screen of nipple (pointer). 19. Front end viewed from inside, showing white silk of inner lining and inner screen (pointer). 20. Rear end viewed from inside, showing shiny, semitransparent inner surface with fecal streaks. 21. Front end of cocoon in early stages of construction viewed from inside, showing deposit of silk (pointer) that will make up hard cap of completed cocoon. 22. Front end of cocoon before inner lining applied, viewed from inside, showing undersurface of outer screen (pointer) before turning dark.

FIGURES 11–13. Osmia chalybea. 11 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 11–13. Osmia chalybea. 11. Photograph of adult female. 12. Microptic photograph of cocoon, front end up, lateral view. 13. Close-up of nipple of same with outer cocoon layer removed and cap pried up to show outer screen beneath, near lateral view. FIGURES 14–16. Stelis ater. 14. Photograph of adult female. 15. Microptic photograph of entire cocoon, front end up, lateral view. 16. Microphotograph of same, showing characteristic elongate fecal pellets, lateral view.

FIGURES 1–7 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 1–7. Trap nests used in the study of Osmia chalybea and Stelis ater. 1. Two trap nests deployed in the field. 2. Front end of U-shaped trap nest. 3. Front end of circular trap nest, showing circular openings to boreholes lined with paper straws and unlined; note that two exhibit nest closures. 4. U-shaped trap nest seen

FIGURES 33, 34 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 33, 34. Radiographs of cocoons of Osmia chalybea, side view. 33. X-rayed cell containing mature larva surrounded by its cocoon. 34. Slice of CT scan of another cocoon showing anterior end of cocoon close to rear of preceding cell; note components of filter system at nipple although fine, loose silk not visible.