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46 results for “Anthropocene”
Data from: Ecological regime shift preserved in the Anthropocene stratigraphic record
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Olfaction in the Anthropocene: NO3 negatively impacts floral scent and nocturnal pollination
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Data from: Decadal-scale time series highlight the role of chronic disturbances in driving ecosystem collapse in the Anthropocene
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A review of existing and potential blue carbon contributions to climate change mitigation in the Anthropocene
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Data from: Extending the climatological concept of 'Detection and Attribution' to global change ecology in the Anthropocene
<ol> <li>Research into global change ecology is motivated by the need to understand the role of humans in changing biotic systems. Mechanistic understanding of ecological responses requires the separation of different climatic parameters and processes that often operate on diverse spatiotemporal scales. Yet most environmental studies do not distinguish the effects of internal climate variability from those caused by external, natural (e.g. volcanic, solar, orbital) or anthropogenic (e.g. greenhouse gases, ozone, aerosols, land-use) forcing factors.</li> <li>We suggest extending the climatological concept of 'Detection and Attribution' (DA) to unravel abiotic drivers of ecological dynamics in the Anthropocene. We therefore apply DA to quantify the relative roles of natural versus industrial temperature change on elevational shifts in the outbreak epicentres of the larch budmoth (LBM; <i>Zeiraphera diniana</i> or <i>griseana</i> Gn.); the classic example of a cyclic forest defoliating insect.</li> <li>Our case study shows that anthropogenic warming shifts the epicentre of travelling LBM waves upward, which disrupts the intensity of population outbreaks that occurred regularly over the past millennium in the European Alps. Our findings demonstrate the ability of DA to detect ecological responses beyond internal system variability, to attribute them to specific external climate forcing factors, and to identify climate-induced ecological tipping points.</li> <li>In order to implement the climatological concept of 'Detection and Attribution' successfully into modern global change ecology, future studies should combine high-resolution paleoenvironmental reconstructions and state-of-the-art climate model simulations to inform inference-based ecosystem models.</li> </ol>
Changes in taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity in the Anthropocene
<p>To better understand how ecosystems are changing, a multifaceted approach to measuring biodiversity that considers species richness and evolutionary history across spatial scales is needed. Here we compiled 162 datasets for fish, bird, and plant assemblages across the globe and measured how taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity changed at different spatial scales (within site α diversity and between sites spatial β diversity). Biodiversity change is measured from these datasets in three ways: across land use gradients, from species lists, and through sampling of the same locations across two time periods. We found that local species richness and phylogenetic α diversity (Faith's PD) increased for all taxonomic groups. However, when measured with a metric that is independent of species richness (phylogenetic species variation, PSV), phylogenetic α diversity declined for all taxonomic groups. Land use datasets showed declines in species richness, Faith's PD, and PSV. For all taxonomic groups and data types, spatial taxonomic and phylogenetic β diversity decreased when measured with Sorensen dissimilarity and phylogenetic Sorensen dissimilarity, respectively, providing strong evidence of global biotic homogenization. The decoupling of α and β diversity, as well as taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity, highlights the need for a broader perspective on contemporary biodiversity changes. Conservation and environmental policy decisions thus need to consider biodiversity beyond local species richness to protect biodiversity and ecosystem services.</p>
Contrasting effects of Miocene and Anthropocene levels of atmospheric CO2 on silicon accumulation in a model grass
<p>Grasses are hyper-accumulators of silicon (Si) which they acquire from the soil and deposit in tissues to resist environmental stresses. Moreover, given the high metabolic costs of herbivore defensive chemicals and structural constituents (e.g. cellulose), grasses may substitute Si for these components when carbon (C) is limited. Indeed, high Si uptake grasses evolved in the Miocene when atmospheric CO<sub>2 </sub>concentration was much lower than present levels. It is; however, unknown how pre-industrial CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations affect Si accumulation in grasses. Using <em>Brachypodium distachyon</em>, we hydroponically manipulated Si-supply (0.0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 mM) and grew plants under Miocene (200 ppm) and Anthropocene levels of CO<sub>2</sub> comprising ambient (410 ppm) and elevated (640 ppm) CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations. We showed that regardless of Si-treatments, the Miocene CO<sub>2</sub> levels increased foliar Si concentrations by 47% and 56% relative to plants grown under ambient and elevated CO<sub>2</sub>, respectively. This is due to higher accumulation overall, but also the reallocation of Si from the roots into the shoots. Our results suggest that grasses may accumulate high Si concentrations in foliage when carbon is less available (i.e. pre-industrial CO<sub>2</sub> levels) but this is likely to decline under future climate change scenarios, potentially leaving grasses more susceptible to environmental stresses</p>
Reductions in the dietary niche of southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) from the Holocene to the Anthropocene.
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The sea otter (<i>Enhydra lutris</i>) is a marine mammal hunted to near extinction during the 1800s. Despite their well-known importance as a keystone species, we know little about historical sea otter ecology. Here, we characterize the ecological niche of ancient southern sea otters (<i>E. lutris nereis</i>) using d<sup>13</sup>C and d<sup>15</sup>N analysis of bones recovered from archaeological sites spanning ~7,000 to 350 years before present (N=112 individuals) at five regions along the coast of California. These data are compared with previously published data on modern animals (N=165) and potential modern prey items. In addition, we analyze the d<sup>15</sup>N of individual amino acids for 23 individuals to test for differences in sea otter trophic ecology through time. After correcting for tissue-specific and temporal isotopic effects, we employ nonparametric statistics and Bayesian niche models to quantify differences among ancient and modern animals. We find ancient otters occupied a larger isotopic niche than nearly all modern localities; this likely reflects broader habitat and prey use in pre-fur trade populations. In addition, ancient sea otters at the most southerly sites occupied an isotopic niche that was more than twice as large as ancient otters from northerly regions. The latter likely reflects greater invertebrate prey diversity in southern California relative to northern California. Thus, we suggest the potential dietary niche of sea otters in southern California could be larger than in central and northern California. At two sites, Año Nuevo and Monterey Bay, ancient otters had significantly higher d<sup>15</sup>N values than modern populations. Amino acid d<sup>15</sup>N data indicated this resulted from shifting baseline isotope values, rather than a change in sea otter trophic ecology. Our results help in better understanding the contemporary ecological role of sea otters and exemplify the strength of combing zooarchaeological and biological information to provide baseline data for conservation efforts.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Genetic rescue, the greater prairie chicken and the problem of conservation reliance in the Anthropocene
A central question in conservation is how best to manage biodiversity, despite human domination of global processes (= Anthropocene). Common responses (i.e. translocations, genetic rescue) forestall potential extirpations, yet have an uncertain duration. A textbook example is the greater prairie chicken (GRPC: Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus), where translocations (1992–1998) seemingly rescued genetically depauperate Illinois populations. We re-evaluated this situation after two decades by genotyping 21 microsatellite loci from 1831 shed feathers across six leks in two counties over 4 years (2010–2013). Low migration rates (less than 1%) established each county as demographically independent, but with declining-population estimates (4 year average N = 79). Leks were genetically similar and significantly bottlenecked, with low effective population sizes (average Ne = 13.1; 4 year Ne/N = 0.166). Genetic structure was defined by 12 significantly different family groups, with relatedness r = 0.31 > half-sib r = 0.25. Average heterozygosity, indicating short-term survival, did not differ among contemporary, pre- and post-translocated populations, whereas allelic diversity did. Our results, the natural history of GRPC (i.e. few leks, male dominance hierarchies) and its controlled immigration suggest demographic expansion rather than genetic rescue. Legal protection under the endangered species act (ESA) may enhance recovery, but could exacerbate political–economic concerns on how best to manage 'conservation-reliant' species, for which GRPC is now an exemplar.
Data from: Archipelagos of the Anthropocene: rapid and extensive differentiation of native terrestrial vertebrates in a single metropolis
Some of the best evidence for rapid evolutionary change comes from studies of archipelagos and oceanic islands. City parks are analogous systems as they create geographically isolated green spaces that differ in size, structure, and complexity. Very little, however, is known about whether city parks in single urban centres drive selection and result in the diversification of native species. Here, we provide evidence for the rapid genetic and morphological differentiation of a native lizard (Intellagama lesueurii) at four geographically close yet unconnected parks within one city. Year of establishment of each city park varied from 1855 (oldest) to 2001 (youngest) equating to a generation time range of 32 to three generations. Genetic divergence among city park populations was large despite the small pairwise geographic distances (< 5km) and found to be two to three times higher for microsatellites and three to 33 times higher for mtDNA relative to non-urban populations. Patterns of morphological differentiation were also found to be most extensive among the four city park populations. In contrast to non-urban populations, city park populations showed significant differentiation in relative body size, relative head and limb morphology and relative forelimb and hindlimb length. Crucially, we show that these patterns of differentiation are unlikely to have been caused by founder events and/or drift alone. Our results suggest that city park 'archipelagos' could represent theatres for rapid evolution that may, in time, favour adaptive diversification.
Supplementary material 2 from: Sturm U, Heyne E, Herrmann E, Arends B, Dieter A-L, Dorfman E, Drauschke F, Heller N, Kahn R, Kaiser K, Koch G, Kramar N, Mansilla Sánchez A, Mauelshagen F, Nadim T, Pell R, Petersen M, Schmidt-Loske K, Scholz H, Sterling C, Trischler H, Wagner S (2022) Anthropocenic Objects. Collecting Practices for the Age of Humans. Research Ideas and Outcomes 8: e89446. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.8.e89446
Flyer: How to collect, store and curate objects in the Anthropocene? On participatory and digital collections.
Supplementary material 1 from: Sturm U, Heyne E, Herrmann E, Arends B, Dieter A-L, Dorfman E, Drauschke F, Heller N, Kahn R, Kaiser K, Koch G, Kramar N, Mansilla Sánchez A, Mauelshagen F, Nadim T, Pell R, Petersen M, Schmidt-Loske K, Scholz H, Sterling C, Trischler H, Wagner S (2022) Anthropocenic Objects. Collecting Practices for the Age of Humans. Research Ideas and Outcomes 8: e89446. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.8.e89446
Flyer: What is an Anthropocenic Object? Transdisciplinary Perspectives on Natural, Cultural and Hybrid Objects
Supplementary material 4 from: Sturm U, Heyne E, Herrmann E, Arends B, Dieter A-L, Dorfman E, Drauschke F, Heller N, Kahn R, Kaiser K, Koch G, Kramar N, Mansilla Sánchez A, Mauelshagen F, Nadim T, Pell R, Petersen M, Schmidt-Loske K, Scholz H, Sterling C, Trischler H, Wagner S (2022) Anthropocenic Objects. Collecting Practices for the Age of Humans. Research Ideas and Outcomes 8: e89446. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.8.e89446
Keynote Exhibiting the Anthropocene - and the Technosphere - means breaking away from established knowledge orders
Data from: Archipelagos of the Anthropocene: rapid and extensive differentiation of native terrestrial vertebrates in a single metropolis
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Data from: Daphniid zooplankton assemblage shifts in response to eutrophication and metal contamination during the Anthropocene
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Changes in taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity in the Anthropocene
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Data from: Extending the climatological concept of ‘Detection and Attribution’ to global change ecology in the Anthropocene
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Data from: Population genomics of the Anthropocene: urbanization is negatively associated with genome-wide variation in white-footed mouse populations
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Data from: Genetic rescue, the greater prairie chicken and the problem of conservation reliance in the Anthropocene
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Contrasting effects of Miocene and Anthropocene levels of atmospheric CO2 on silicon accumulation in a model grass
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.