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Figure 8. Machine faces, perceived as more figure-like(left) and less figure-like (right)-Gestalt Processing in Human-Robot Interaction: A Novel Account for Autism Research

In an experimental study on visual perception, addressing directly Gestalt phenomena, a new Gestalt cue for figure-ground assignment was introduced (Vechera et al., 2002). The foreground versus the background organization is a strong determinant for decisions on objects seen among image elements. A well-known set of perceptual cues that are often called Gestalt cues are the size or area, the symmetry and the convexity vs. concavity judgments. It is generally assumed that figures are ‘small, symmetrical and convex’. The authors asked the question whether these cues are all that are necessary for a region of the image to be judged as a figure. The main result of this study is that regions in the lower portion of a stimulus array appear more figure-like than regions in the upper portion of the display.

Figure 6. Noticeable subjective response to the distorted face to the right-Gestalt Processing in Human-Robot Interaction: A Novel Account for Autism Research

Quite surprisingly, if the distortion is viewed in the normal upward position, it evokes strong emotional response to the distorted face to the right in figure 6.

Figure 5. The distortion is barely noticeable if the faces are viewed in the reversed position-Gestalt Processing in Human-Robot Interaction: A Novel Account for Autism Research

According to the feature-based processing theories of human faces the main elements, noticed and remembered in a face, are the eyes, the nose and the mouth (Thompson, 1980; Anstis, 2005a). If, however, we distort some of the elements of a face, these should influence perception,regardless of the position of the image – upright or reversed – from the observer viewpoint. Figure 5 presents the reversed image of the face on the left and the reversed distorted face on the right. The distortion was achieved by rotating the eyes of the image in the vertical direction. Figure

Figure 4. Main elements of a face, according to the feature-based processing theories-Gestalt Processing in Human-Robot Interaction: A Novel Account for Autism Research

In 1980 Peter Thompson proposed a new experimental paradigm for investigation of perception, called “face thatcherization” (also named “Thomson illusion”) (Thompson, 1980). Imagine that the following face, depicted in figure 4, is a photo of the then UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher.

Figure 3. Robotic faces, similar to smiley emoticons-Gestalt Processing in Human-Robot Interaction: A Novel Account for Autism Research

The smiley Gestalt is the result from a dynamic (evolved in time) cognitive process, it is immediately given in cognition, memorable, emotionally rich and socially relevant and reflects the special kind of Gestalt complexity as defined by Edwin Rausch (1988). Conventional representations of holistic entities like smileys or novel robotic faces come to life because they capture essential Gestalt qualities of the perceived image. For example, in figure 3 the robotic faces resemble the smileys in terms of the evoked internal/emotional reactions.

Figure 2. Taxonomy of the educational technologies for children with ASC-Gestalt Processing in Human-Robot Interaction: A Novel Account for Autism Research

learner (Perlin, 1997). MOSOCO is an emergent technology implemented in a smartphone called “Mobile Social Compass” (Escobedo et al., 2012). Six basic social skills are being encouraged by prompting the user to initiate social contact. The menu displays symbols for the basic social skills – eye contact, space and proximity, start an interaction, asking questions, sharing interests and finish an interaction. The MOSOCO application has turned out to be an extremely useful tool as an online prompt in starting, maintaining and finishing social interaction for both typical and autistic students, as well as to anyone that feels need for improving their social competence.

Figure 1. Necker cube depth illusion (Adapted from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necker_cube])-Gestalt Processing in Human-Robot Interaction: A Novel Account for Autism Research

Often the term Gestalt is used interchangeably with the term “emergent whole” (Johansson, 1998). The emergence of a cognitive Gestalt structure adds dynamical and psychophysical forces, which are different from the static notion of the “emergent whole”. An eminent example for the dynamic nature of the emergent process is the Necker cube, which cannot be perceived as static, but rotates in front of our eyes to the complete exhaustion of the eye gazing process (figure 1).

Figure 7. Kanizsa square makes us see a non-existing figure – white square (Adapted from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_illusion]-Gestalt Processing in Human-Robot Interaction: A Novel Account for Autism Research

A special case of Gestalt processing is the perceiving of illusions. Illusions make us see things or processes that are not there – for example the Kanizsa square like the one depicted in figure 7.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2019View details →

data set related to article Brainstem enlargement in preschool children with autism Results from an intermethod agreement study of segmentation algorithms

This record contains raw data related to article Brainstem enlargement in preschool children with autism Results from an intermethod agreement study of segmentation algorithms

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2021View details →

dataset related to article "Multiple Genetic Rare Variants in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Single-Center Targeted NGS Study"

dataset contains: NGS data (.vcf; .bam; .bam.bai) of all 40 ASD patients analysed in the study at title

dryad40/100

Perirhinal cortex abnormalities impair hippocampal plasticity and learning in Scn2a, Fmr1, and Cdkl5 autism mouse models

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publicJan 2025View details →

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Data for: Dysregulation of mTOR signaling mediates common neurite and migration defects in both idiopathic and 16p11.2 deletion autism neural precursor cells

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publicApr 2024View details →

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Autism-like atypical face processing in Shank3 mutant dogs

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publicMar 2025View details →

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2018View details →

List of journal articles on vaccination and autism

List of open access journal articles, dois, Altmetric.com IDs and public dates on the topic of vaccination and autism. Article titles and dois were collected from January 2016 to June 2017 using purposive and snowball sampling. Altmetric IDs were collected in April 2018 using the Altmetric Explorer. The data were used to study the use of open access journal articles by the anti-vaccination movement in the social media.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2020View details →

General Education Teachers Use of Evidence-Based Practices in Autism Education- V1

This dataset was developed to examine factors that impact teacher's use of EBPs with students with autism in mainstream schools in Ireland.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2021View details →

Teacher Characteristics, Knowledge and Use of Evidence-Based Practices in Autism Education in Ireland_Dataset_V1

Dataset to accompany the paper "Teacher Characteristics, Knowledge and Use of Evidence-Based Practices in Autism Education in Ireland". The purpose of this paper was to identify differences in teachers knowledge and use of evidence-based practices across different teacher characteristics.

opencc-zeroJun 2015View details →

Perceived gender ratings for high and low scorers on the Autism-spectrum Quotient consistent with the extreme male brain account of autism

Software required: SPSS 'Male faces data_final.sav' and 'Female faces data_final.sav' contain masculinity (for male faaces) and femininity (for female faces) ratings of face photographs. Each photograph is labelled as a variable (top row, third cell onwards) and subsequent rows represent ratings provide by each rater (E.g., first row of data represents ratings provided by rater for each of the photograph presented to him/her). 'Male voices data_final.sav' and 'Female voices data_final.sav' contain masculinity (for male voices) and femininity (for female voices) ratings of voice recordings. Data layout is the same as face data described above. Click on variable tab for details on each variable. 'AQ_rating_corr_face.sav' and 'AQ_rating_corr_voice.sav' contain mean ratings of male and female faces and voices, and their respective AQ scores.

dryad36/100

Recovery from social isolation requires dopamine in males, but not the autism-related gene nlg3 in either sex

Social isolation causes profound changes in social behaviour in a variety of species. However, the genetic and molecular mechanisms modulating behavioural responses to social isolation and social recovery remain to be elucidated. Here, we quantified the behavioural response of vinegar flies to social isolation using two distinct protocols (social space preference and spontaneous tendencies to form groups). We found that social isolation increased social space and reduced sociability. These effects of social isolation were reversible and could be reduced after 3 days of group housing. Flies with a loss of function of neuroligin3 (ortholog of autism-related neuroligin genes) with known increased social space in a socially enriched environment, were still able to recover from social isolation. We also show that dopamine is needed for a response to social isolation and recovery in males but not in females. Furthermore, only in males, dopamine levels are reduced after isolation and are not recovered after group housing. Finally, in socially enriched flies mutant for neuroligin3, dopamine levels are reduced in males, but not in females. We propose a model to explain how dopamine and neuroligin3 are involved in the behavioural response to social isolation and its recovery in a dynamic and sex-specific manner.

opencc-zeroDec 2023View details →

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2019View details →

A Dataset of Eye Movements for the Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Dataset of eye movements of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. It consists of 300 natural scene images and the corresponding eye movement data collected from 14 children with ASD and 14 healthy controls. In particular, fixation maps and scanpaths are available in the dataset. Based on this dataset, researchers could analyze the visual traits of children with ASD and design specialized visual attention models to promote research in related fields, as well as design specialized models to identify the individuals with ASD.