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45 results for “Avian malaria”
FIGURE 3 in Comparison of mitochondrial cytochrome b lineages and morphospecies of two avian malaria parasites of the subgenera Haemamoeba and Giovannolaia (Haemosporida: Plasmodiidae)
FIGURE 3. Plasmodium circumflexum (lineage P-TURDUS1) from the blood of House Sparrow Passer domesticus. a– c —trophozoites; d–j —erythrocytic meronts; k–n —macrogametocytes; o, p —microgametocytes. Scale bar = 10 µm.
FIGURE 2 in Comparison of mitochondrial cytochrome b lineages and morphospecies of two avian malaria parasites of the subgenera Haemamoeba and Giovannolaia (Haemosporida: Plasmodiidae)
FIGURE 2. Plasmodium relictum (lineage P-SGS1) from the blood of Common Crossbill Loxia curvirostra. a, b—trophozoites; c–h — erythrocytic meronts; i–m — macrogametocytes; n–p — microgametocytes. Scale bar = 10 µm.
FIGURE 1 in Comparison of mitochondrial cytochrome b lineages and morphospecies of two avian malaria parasites of the subgenera Haemamoeba and Giovannolaia (Haemosporida: Plasmodiidae)
FIGURE 1. Neighbour-joining (NJ) tree of 32 lineages of Plasmodium spp. and five lineages of Haemoproteus spp. as the outgroup. The NJ tree was constructed using the Kimura 2-parameter distance matrix with bootstrap resampling (1,000 times). Bootstrap values are represented by circles (>90%), squares (70–89%), and triangles (50–69%). Closely related (within a genetic distance 2.5%) to Plasmodium relictum, Plasmodium circumflexum, and Plasmodium ashfordi lineages of malaria parasites are marked by bars a, b and c, respectively. GenBank accession numbers of sequences are given after lineage names in parentheses.
FIGURE 3 in Molecular and morphological characterization of two avian malaria parasites (Haemosporida: Plasmodiidae), with description of Plasmodium homonucleophilum n. sp.
FIGURE 3. Bayesian phylogeny of 20 mitochondrial cytochrome b lineages of Plasmodium spp. and 8 lineages of Haemoproteus spp. One lineage of Leucocytozoon is used as outgroup. Posterior probabilities ≥ 0.7 are indicated near the nodes. Codes of lineages (if available) are indicated, followed in parentheses by GenBank accessions, and parasite species names. Names of parasite described in this study are given in bold. Branch lengths are drawn proportionally to the amount of changes (scale bars are shown). Vertical bars A and B indicate malaria parasites belonging to the subgenera Novyella and Haemamoeba, respectively.
FIGURE 1 in Molecular and morphological characterization of two avian malaria parasites (Haemosporida: Plasmodiidae), with description of Plasmodium homonucleophilum n. sp.
FIGURE 1. Plasmodium (Novyella) homonucleophilum (lineage pSW2) from the blood of Locustella naevia: a—trophozoite; b–g—erythrocytic meronts; h–m- macrogametocytes; n–p—microgametocytes. Long arrows—parasite nucleus. Short arrows—merozoits. Arrow heads—pigment granules. Giemsa-stained thin blood films. Scale bar = 10µm.
FIGURE 2 in Molecular and morphological characterization of two avian malaria parasites (Haemosporida: Plasmodiidae), with description of Plasmodium homonucleophilum n. sp.
FIGURE 2. Plasmodium relictum (lineage pLZFUS01) from the blood of Lanius collurio: a—trophozoite; b–j—erythrocytic meronts; k–o—macrogametocytes; p–t—microgametocytes. Long arrows—parasite nucleus. Short arrows—merozoits. Arrow heads—pigment granules. Giemsa-stained thin blood films. Scale bar = 10µm.
Variation in immunity and health in response to introduced avian malaria in an endemic Hawaiian songbird
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Relationships between avian malaria resilience and corticosterone, testosterone and prolactin in a Hawaiian songbird
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Stress in paradise: effects of elevated corticosterone on immunity and avian malaria resilience in a Hawaiian passerine
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Data from: The epidemiology of avian pox and interaction with avian malaria in Hawaiian forest birds
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Data from: Dispersal in a patchy landscape reveals contrasting determinants of infection in a wild avian malaria system
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Data from: Host and habitat specialization of avian malaria in Africa
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Data from: Parallel evolution of gene classes, but not genes: evidence from Hawai’ian honeycreeper populations exposed to avian malaria
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Data from: Apparent vector-mediated parent-to-offspring transmission in an avian malaria-like parasite
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Data from: Prevalence and beta diversity in avian malaria communities: host species is a better predictor than geography
1. Patterns of diversity and turnover in macroorganism communities can often be predicted from differences in habitat, phylogenetic relationships among species, and the geographic scale of comparisons. In this study, we asked if these factors also predict diversity and turnover in parasite communities. 2. We studied communities of avian malaria in two sympatric, ecologically similar, congeneric host species at three different sites. We asked if parasite prevalence and community structure varied with host population, host phylogeography, or geographic distance. 3. We used PCR to screen birds for infections, and then used Bayesian methods to determine phylogenetic relationships among malaria strains. Metrics of both community and phylogenetic beta diversity were used to examine patterns of malaria strain turnover between host populations, and partial Mantel tests were used determine the correlation between malaria beta diversity and geographic distance. Finally, we developed microsatellite markers to describe the genetic structure of host populations and assess the relationship between host phylogeography and parasite beta diversity. 4. We found that although some malaria lineages occur in both host species, different genera of malaria parasites infect the two hosts at different rates. Additionally, host species was a better predictor of parasite community similarity than study site. Within hosts, parasite communities in one population were phylogenetically clustered, but there was otherwise no correlation between metrics of parasite beta diversity and geographic or genetic distance between host populations. Patterns of parasite turnover among host populations are consistent with malaria transmission occurring in the winter rather than on the breeding grounds 5. Our results indicate greater turnover in parasite communities between different hosts than between different sites. Differences in host species, as well as transmission location and vector ecology, seem to be more important in structuring malaria communities than the distance-decay relationships frequently found in macroorganisms. Determining the factors affecting parasite community diversity and turnover has wide-ranging implications for understanding the selective pressures shaping host ecology and ecosystem structure. This study shows that metrics of community and phylogenetic beta diversity can be useful tools for disentangling the ecological and evolutionary processes that underlie geographical variation in parasite communities.
Data from: Evolutionary relationships, cospeciation, and host switching in avian malaria parasites
We used phylogenetic analyses of cytochrome b sequences of malaria parasites and their avian hosts to assess the coevolutionary relationships between host and parasite lineages. Many lineages of avian malaria parasites have broad host distributions, which tend to obscure cospeciation events. The hosts of a single parasite or of closely related parasites were nonetheless most frequently recovered from members of the same host taxonomic family, more so than expected by chance. However, global assessments of the relationship between parasite and host phylogenetic trees, using Component and ParaFit, failed to detect significant cospeciation. The event-based approach employed by TreeFitter revealed significant cospeciation and duplication with certain cost assignments for these events, but host switching was consistently more prominent in matching the parasite tree to the host tree. The absence of a global cospeciation signal despite conservative host distribution most likely reflects relatively frequent acquisition of new hosts by individual parasite lineages. Understanding these processes will require a more refined species concept for malaria parasites and more extensive sampling of parasite distributions across hosts. If parasites can disperse between allopatric host populations through alternative hosts, cospeciation may not have a strong influence on the architecture of host–parasite relationships. Rather, parasite speciation may happen more often in conjunction with the acquisition of new hosts followed by divergent selection between host lineages in sympatry. Detailed studies of the phylogeographic distributions of hosts and parasites are needed to characterize these events.
Data from: Avian malaria: a new lease of life for an old experimental model to study the evolutionary ecology of Plasmodium
Avian malaria has historically played an important role as a model in the study of human malaria, being a stimulus for the development of medical parasitology. Avian malaria has recently come back to the research scene as a unique animal model to understand the ecology and evolution of the disease, both in the field and in the laboratory. Avian malaria is highly prevalent in birds and mosquitoes around the world and is amenable to laboratory experimentation at each stage of the parasite's life cycle. Here, we take stock of 5 years of experimental laboratory research carried out using Plasmodium relictum SGS1, the most prevalent avian malaria lineage in Europe, and its natural vector, the mosquito Culex pipiens. For this purpose, we compile and analyse data obtained in our laboratory in 14 different experiments. We provide statistical relationships between different infection-related parameters, including parasitaemia, gametocytaemia, host morbidity (anaemia) and transmission rates to mosquitoes. This analysis provides a wide-ranging picture of the within-host and between-host parameters that may bear on malaria transmission and epidemiology.
Data from: Diversification by host switching and dispersal shaped the diversity and distribution of avian malaria parasites in Amazonia
Understanding how pathogens and parasites diversify through time and space is fundamental to predicting emerging infectious diseases. Here, we use biogeographic, coevolutionary and phylogenetic analyses to describe the origin, diversity, and distribution of avian malaria parasites in the most diverse avifauna on Earth. We first performed phylogenetic analyses using the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) gene to determine relationships among parasite lineages. Then, we estimated divergence times and reconstructed ancestral areas to uncover how landscape evolution has shaped the diversification of Parahaemoproteus and Plasmodium in Amazonia. Finally, we assessed the coevolutionary patterns of diversification in this host–parasite system to determine how coevolution may have influenced the contemporary diversity of avian malaria parasites and their distribution among Amazonian birds. Biogeographic analysis of 324 haemosporidian parasite lineages recovered from 4178 individual birds provided strong evidence that these pathogens readily disperse across major Amazonian rivers and this has occurred with increasing frequency over the last five million years. We also recovered many duplication events within areas of endemism in Amazonia. Cophylogenetic analyses of these blood parasites and their avian hosts support a diversification history dominated by host switching. The ability of avian malaria parasites to disperse geographically and shift among avian hosts has played a major role in their radiation and has shaped the current distribution and diversity of these parasites across Amazonia.
Data from: Evolutionary relationships, cospeciation, and host switching in avian malaria parasites
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Data from: Avian malaria: a new lease of life for an old experimental model to study the evolutionary ecology of Plasmodium
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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