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45 results for “Avian malaria”
Microbiomes associated with avian malaria survival differ between susceptible Hawaiian honeycreepers and sympatric malaria-resistant introduced birds
<p>Of the estimated 55 Hawaiian honeycreepers (subfamily Carduelinae) only 17 species remain, 9 of which the International Union for Conservation of Nature considers endangered. Among the most pressing threats to honeycreeper survival is avian malaria, caused by the introduced blood parasite <em>Plasmodium relictum</em>, which is increasing in distribution in Hawai`i as a result of climate change. Preventing further honeycreeper decline will require innovative conservation strategies that confront malaria from multiple angles. Research on mammals revealed strong connections between gut microbiome composition and malaria susceptibility, illuminating a potential novel approach to malaria control through the manipulation of gut microbiota. </p> <p><span>One honeycreeper species, Hawai`i `amakihi (<em>Chlorodrepanis virens</em>), persists in some areas of high malaria prevalence, indicating they have acquired some level of immunity. To investigate if avian host-specific microbes may be associated with malaria survival, we characterized cloacal microbiomes and malaria infection for 174 `amakihi and 172 malaria-resistant warbling white-eyes (<em>Zosterops japonicus</em>) from Hawai`i Island using 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding and qPCR. Neither microbial alpha nor beta diversity covaried with infection, but 149 microbes showed positive associations with malaria survivors. Among these were <em>Escherichia</em> and <em>Lactobacillus</em> spp., which appear to mitigate malaria severity in mammalian hosts, revealing promising candidates for future probiotic research for augmenting malaria immunity in sensitive endangered species.</span></p>
Fig. 3 in Persistent low avian malaria in a tropical species despite high community prevalence
Fig. 3. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic inference of (A) Haemoproteus and (B) Plasmodium from the Australasian region. Sequences were included if they were at least 479 nucleotides in length and were found to be unique from a pairwise distance analysis (see methods). Bootstrap support values are shown if greater than 50. Dots indicate the 14 lineages that were detected in this study and their colour denotes the bird species they occurred within [Purple = PCFW (M. c. coronatus), Red = RBFW (M. melanocephalus), Yellow = BSR (P. cerviniventris), Grey = WGH (L. unicolor)]. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 2 in Persistent low avian malaria in a tropical species despite high community prevalence
Fig. 2. (A) Malarial parasite prevalence across years in four bird species, buff-sided robin (BSR, n = 66), purple-crowned fairy-wren (PCFW, n = 731), red-backed fairy-wren (RBFW, n = 78), white-gaped honeyeater (WGH, n = 25). Fisher's exact P-values test for annual differences in infection within each bird species. (B) Longitudinal sampling of infected PCFW adults (individuals presented were sampled more than twice and were identified as infected with Haemoproteus or Plasmodium). Dotted lines indicate uncertainty in years when no sample was available. Each individual was infected with a single lineage. (C) Percentage of individual PCFW infected within each age category. (D) Local phylogenetic relationship between parasite lineages, colours refer to host species as for (A). Maximum likelihood tree was inferred using GTR + G + I with 1000 bootstrap replicates; novel lineages are indicated by *. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 1 in Persistent low avian malaria in a tropical species despite high community prevalence
Fig. 1. Map of Australia and the Kimberly region. Sampling was conducted at the Australian Wildlife Conservancy's Mornington Wildlife Sanctuary (17̊31′S, 126̊6'E). Star indicates the location of the field site where samples were collected.
Fig. 3 in Fatal avian malaria in captive Atlantic puffins (Fratercula arctica) in Switzerland
Fig. 3. Modified Wright-stained peripheral blood smear of a captive Atlantic puffin (case 5). Intra-erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium relictum: trophozoites (short arrows); mature meront (long arrow) with marked displacement of the erythrocyte's nucleus; pigment granules (arrowheads). Picture: Veterinary Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich.
Fig. 1. H&E in Fatal avian malaria in captive Atlantic puffins (Fratercula arctica) in Switzerland
Fig. 1. H&E-stained histological sections of the liver (A, B, C) and the spleen (D) of captive Atlantic puffins at 400x magnification. A: Case 1, multiple protozoan Plasmodium schizonts of up to 20 μm in diameter (arrows). B: Case 2, periportal infiltration with lymphocytes and presence of multiple intracytoplasmic Plasmodium schizonts, which contain numerous merozoites (arrows). C: Case 3, Plasmodium merozoites within the liver parenchyma (arrow). D: Case 5, multiple histiocytes with intracytoplasmic brown, finely granular pigment (accumulation of iron-based pigment). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 2. H&E in Fatal avian malaria in captive Atlantic puffins (Fratercula arctica) in Switzerland
Fig. 2. H&E-stained histological sections of the liver (A, B, D) and the spleen (C) of captive Atlantic puffins at 1000x magnification, showing Plasmodium schizonts of up to 15 μm in diameter, containing multiple merozoites of 1–2 μm (arrows): A: Case 2, B: Case 4, C: Case 6, D: Case 7.
Fig. 6 in Plasmodium relictum MSP-1 capture antigen-based ELISA for detection of avian malaria antibodies in African penguins (Spheniscus demersus)
Fig. 6. Analysis of the sensitivity and specificity of the P. relictum MSP-1 capture antigen-based ELISA. Serial dilutions of normal chicken serum and three sera samples from P. relictum-infected penguins (8776, 8783 and 8784) were used for coating the assay wells. Each dilution was performed in triplicate, and the data shown represent means of three independent experiments with standard error bars and levels of statistical significance (****: P <0.0001).
Fig. 4 in Plasmodium relictum MSP-1 capture antigen-based ELISA for detection of avian malaria antibodies in African penguins (Spheniscus demersus)
Fig. 4. Validation of ELISA. The ELISA developed using P. relictum MSP-1 protein was tested with known P. relictum positive penguin serum collected from penguin # 8790 at week 26. Black column represents positive penguin serum. Hatched and white columns represent negative controls containing normal chicken serum and PBS, respectively. Grey column represents the positive reaction containing streptavidin alkaline-phosphatase and its substrate pnitrophenyl phosphate. Each reaction was performed in triplicate, and the data shown represent means of three independent experiments with standard error bars and levels of statistical significance (****: P <0.0001).
Fig. 2 in Plasmodium relictum MSP-1 capture antigen-based ELISA for detection of avian malaria antibodies in African penguins (Spheniscus demersus)
Fig. 2. Verification of the biotinylation of recombinant P. relictum MSP-1. Purified recombinant P. relictum MSP-1 protein was labeled with biotin. Biotinylation of MSP-1 was confirmed using an enzyme (streptavidin alkaline phosphatase)-linking assay and absorbance read at 405 nm indicated the presence of biotinylated MSP-1. Black column represents biotinylated MSP-1 protein. Hatched column and white column represent negative controls containing non-biotinylated MSP-1 and PBS, respectively. Grey column represents the positive control containing streptavidin alkaline-phosphatase (SAP) and its substrate p-nitrophenyl phosphate (PNPP). Each reaction was performed in triplicate, and the data shown represent means of three independent experiments with standard error bars and levels of statistical significance (****: P <0.0001).
Fig. 3 in Plasmodium relictum MSP-1 capture antigen-based ELISA for detection of avian malaria antibodies in African penguins (Spheniscus demersus)
Fig. 3. Biotin-labeled MSP-1 protein titration curve. Serially diluted (300 ng/ μL to 0.003 ng/μL) biotinylated MSP-1 was used for coating the surfaces of the reaction wells overnight at 4 ◦C. The amount of biotinylated MSP-1 immobilized on the surface of the well was proportional to the intensity of the colored product generated which in turn was proportional to the absorbance value measured at 405 nm wavelength. Reactions were performed in triplicate, and the data shown represent means of three independent experiments with standard error bars.
Fig. 7. MSP-1 in Plasmodium relictum MSP-1 capture antigen-based ELISA for detection of avian malaria antibodies in African penguins (Spheniscus demersus)
Fig. 7. MSP-1 capture antigen-based ELISA analysis of 370 sera samples collected from 11 penguins during three consecutive seasons of Spring (March to May), Summer (June to August) and Fall (September to November). (A) ELISA absorbance readings for the 370 sera samples collected from Spring to Fall are arranged in ascending order. Time of collection is indicated by color. Light grey represents Spring, dark grey represents Summer, and black represents Fall. Black dashed line indicates the single cut-off point (0.488) determined by change-point analysis. (B) Left: percentage of positive (A405 ≥ 0.488) and negative (A405 <0.488) sera samples; Right: distribution of positive samples in Spring (March to May), Summer (June to August), and Fall (September to November). (C) Percentage of penguin sera samples that tested positive (A405> = 0.488) in each month from March to November.
Fig. 5. P. relictum MSP-1 in Plasmodium relictum MSP-1 capture antigen-based ELISA for detection of avian malaria antibodies in African penguins (Spheniscus demersus)
Fig. 5. P. relictum MSP-1 capture antigen-based ELISA analysis of test sera from penguins. Sera samples (370 total) from eleven penguins collected from Spring through Fall season were used as test samples in the assay to determine anti-P. relictum antibodies level. Light grey, dark grey, and black columns represent penguin sera samples collected in Spring, Summer, and Fall, respectively. Panel A–K represents ELISA results for individual penguins' sera collected at different time points from Spring to Fall. Panel L represents average ELISA absorbances for all 11 penguins at different sampling points. Each sample was assayed in triplicate, and the data shown represent means of three independent experiments with standard error bars.
Data from: Individual genetic diversity and probability of infection by avian malaria parasites in blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus)
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Microbiomes associated with avian malaria survival differ between susceptible Hawaiian honeycreepers and sympatric malaria-resistant introduced birds
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Data from: Agonistic song rate positively correlates with male breeding success and avian malaria infection in Acrocephalus paludicola (Aquatic Warbler), a promiscuous songbird with female-only parental care
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Data from: Transinfection of Wolbachia wAlbB into Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes does not alter vector competence for Hawaiian avian malaria (Plasmodium relictum GRW4)
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Glutathione data of Eurasian siskins either infected with avian malaria or not
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Data from: Multiplex vs. singleplex assay for the simultaneous identification of the three components of avian malaria vector-borne disease by DNA metabarcoding
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Data from: Dispersal in a patchy landscape reveals contrasting determinants of infection in a wild avian malaria system
1. Understanding exactly when, where and how hosts become infected with parasites is critical to understanding host-parasite coevolution. However, for host-parasite systems in which hosts or parasites are mobile (for example vector-borne diseases), the spatial location of infection, and the relative importance of parasite exposure at successive host life-history stages, are often uncertain. 2. Here, using a six-year longitudinal dataset from a spatially referenced population of blue tits, we test the extent to which infection by avian malaria parasites is determined by conditions experienced at natal or breeding sites, as well as by postnatal dispersal between the two. 3. We show that the location and timing of infection differs markedly between two sympatric malaria parasite species. For one species (P. circumflexum), our analyses indicate that infection occurs after birds have settled on breeding territories, and because the distribution of this parasite is temporally stable, hosts could in principle alter their exposure and potentially avoid infection through postnatal dispersal. Conversely, the spatial distribution of another parasite species (P. relictum) is unpredictable, and infection probability is positively associated with postnatal dispersal distance, potentially indicating that infection occurs during this major dispersal event. 4. These findings suggest that hosts in this population may be subject to divergent selection pressures from these two parasites, potentially acting at different life-history stages. Because this implies parasite species-specific predictions for many coevolutionary processes, they also illustrate the complexity of predicting such processes in multi-parasite systems.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.