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37 results for “Batesian mimicry”
Data from: Multi-trait aposematic signal in Batesian mimicry
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Data from: Floral community predicts pollinators' color preference: implications for Batesian floral mimicry
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Data from: Evidence for Batesian mimicry in a polymorphic hoverfly
Palatable Batesian mimics are avoided by predators because they resemble noxious or defended species. The striking resemblance of many hoverflies to noxious Hymenoptera is a "textbook" example of Batesian mimicry, but evidence that selection by predators has shaped the evolution of hoverfly patterns is weak. We looked for geographical and temporal trends in frequencies of morphs of the polymorphic hoverfly Volucella bombylans that would support the hypothesis that these morphs are Batesian mimics of different bumblebee species. The frequency of the black and yellow hoverfly morph was significantly positively related to the frequency of black and yellow bumblebees across 52 sites. Similarly, the frequency of the red-tailed hoverfly morph was positively related to the frequency of red-tailed bumblebees. However, the frequencies of hoverfly morphs were positively spatially autocorrelated, and after controlling for this, only one of the two common hoverfly morphs showed a significant positive relationship with its putative model. We conclude that the distribution of V. bombylans morphs probably reflects geographical variation in selection by predators resulting from differences in the frequencies of noxious bumblebee species.
Data from: Multiple models generate a geographic mosaic of resemblance in a Batesian mimicry complex
Batesian mimics—benign species that receive protection from predation by resembling a dangerous species—often occur with multiple model species. Here we examine whether geographic variation in the number of local models generates geographic variation in mimic-model resemblance. In areas with multiple models, selection might be relaxed or even favour imprecise mimicry relative to areas with only one model. We test the prediction that model-mimic match should vary with the number of other model species in a broadly-distributed snake mimicry complex where a mimic and a model co-occur both with and without other model species. We found that the mimic resembled its model more closely when they were exclusively sympatric than when they were sympatric with other model species. Moreover, in regions with multiple models, mimic-model resemblance was positively correlated with the resemblance between the model and other model species. However, contrary to predictions, free-ranging natural predators did not attack artificial replicas of imprecise mimics more often when only a single model was present. Taken together, our results suggest that multiple models might generate a geographic mosaic in the degree of phenotype matching between Batesian mimics and their models.
Supplementary material 2 from: Hlaváček A, Daňková K, Benda D, Bogusch P, Hadrava J (2022) Batesian-Müllerian mimicry ring around the Oriental hornet (Vespa orientalis). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 92: 211-228. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.92.81380
Appendix 1
Supplementary material 1 from: Hlaváček A, Daňková K, Benda D, Bogusch P, Hadrava J (2022) Batesian-Müllerian mimicry ring around the Oriental hornet (Vespa orientalis). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 92: 211-228. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.92.81380
Data of distribution
Data from: Learning of salient prey traits explains Batesian mimicry evolution
Batesian mimicry evolution entails an initial major mutation that produces a rough resemblance to the model, followed by smaller improving changes. To examine the learning psychology of this process, we applied established ideas about mimicry in Papilio polyxenes asterius of the model Battus philenor. We performed experiments with wild birds as predators and butterfly wings as semi-artificial prey. Wings of hybrids of P. p. asterius and P. machaon were used to approximate the first mutant, with melanism as the hypothesized first mimetic trait. Based on previous results about learning psychology and imperfect mimicry, we predicted that: melanism should have high salience (i.e., being noticeable and prominent), meaning that predators readily discriminate a melanistic mutant from appearances similar to P. machaon; the difference between the first mutant and the model should have intermediate salience, to allow further improvement of mimicry; and the final difference in appearance between P. p. asterius and B. philenor should have very low salience, causing improvement to level off. Our results supported both the traditional hypothesis and all our predictions about relative salience. We conclude that there is good agreement between long-held ideas about how Batesian mimicry evolves and recent insights from learning psychology about the role of salience in mimicry evolution.
Data from: Unlinked Mendelian inheritance of red and black pigmentation in snakes: implications for Batesian mimicry
Identifying the genetic basis of mimetic signals is critical to understanding both the origin and dynamics of mimicry over time. For species not amenable to large laboratory breeding studies, widespread color polymorphism across natural populations offers a powerful way to assess the relative likelihood of different genetic systems given observed phenotypic frequencies. We classified color phenotype for 2,175 ground snakes (Sonora semiannulata) across the continental United States to analyze morph ratios and test among competing hypotheses about the genetic architecture underlying red and black coloration in coral snake mimics. We found strong support for a two-locus model under simple Mendelian inheritance, with red and black pigmentation being controlled by separate loci. We found no evidence of either linkage disequilibrium between loci or sex linkage. In contrast to Batesian mimicry systems like butterflies in which all color signal components are linked into a single "supergene," our results suggest that the mimetic signal in colubrid snakes can be disrupted through simple recombination and that color evolution is likely to involve discrete gains and losses of each signal component. Both outcomes are likely to contribute to the exponential increase in rates of color evolution seen in snake mimicry systems over insect systems.
Mimicry genes reduce pre-adult survival rate in Papilio polytes: A possible new mechanism for maintaining female-limited polymorphism in Batesian mimicry
<p>Batesian mimicry, in which harmless organisms resemble unpalatable or harmful species, is a well-studied adaptation for predation avoidance. The females of some Batesian mimic species comprise mimetic and non-mimetic individuals. Mimetic females of such polymorphic species clearly have a selective advantage due to decreased predation pressure, but the selective forces that maintain non-mimetic females in a population remain unclear. In the swallowtail butterfly, <em>Papilio polytes</em>, female polymorphism is controlled by the <em>H</em> (non-mimetic) and <em>h</em> (mimetic) alleles at a single autosomal locus. Here, we examined if the dominant <em>H</em> allele has a deleterious effect on the pre-adult survival rate (egg-to-adult emergence rate). We repeated an assortative mating-like treatment—i.e. breeding of males and females whose mothers had the same phenotype (mimetic or non-mimetic)—for three consecutive generations, while avoiding inbreeding. Results showed that pre-adult survival rate decreased over generations only in lines derived from mothers with the mimetic phenotype (hereafter, mimetic-assorted lines). This lowered survival was due to an increased mortality at the final instar larval stage and the pupal stages. Interestingly, the pre-adult mortality in the mimetic-assorted lines seemed to be associated with a male-biased sex ratio at adult emergence. These results suggest that the dominant <em>H</em> allele displays a mildly deleterious effect that is expressed more strongly in females and homozygous individuals than in heterozygous individuals. We propose that this cost of mimicry in larval and pupal stages contributes to the maintenance of female-limited polymorphism in <em>P. polytes</em>.</p>
Mimicry genes reduce pre-adult survival rate in Papilio polytes: A possible new mechanism for maintaining female-limited polymorphism in Batesian mimicry
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Data from: Behavioural mimicry in flight path of Batesian intraspecific polymorphic butterfly Papilio polytes
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Data from: Learning of salient prey traits explains Batesian mimicry evolution
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Data from: Unlinked Mendelian inheritance of red and black pigmentation in snakes: implications for Batesian mimicry
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Data from: Evidence for Batesian mimicry in a polymorphic hoverfly
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Data from: Multiple models generate a geographic mosaic of resemblance in a Batesian mimicry complex
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Figure 4 in A remarkable example of suspected Batesian mimicry of Gaboon Vipers (Reptilia: Viperidae: Bitis gabonica) by Congolese Giant Toads (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Sclerophrys channingi)
Figure 4. Lateral comparison of preserved specimens of (a) subadult S. channingi (UTEP 21965) from Kyasa, Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Maniema, DRC and (b) subadult B. gabonica (UTEP 21960) from Epulu, Ituri, DRC.
Figure 2 in A remarkable example of suspected Batesian mimicry of Gaboon Vipers (Reptilia: Viperidae: Bitis gabonica) by Congolese Giant Toads (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Sclerophrys channingi)
Figure 2. Geographic distribution map for Sclerophrys channingi (triangles) and Bitis gabonica (circles) in Democratic Republic of Congo, where S. channingi is endemic. Records in black denote specimens examined by the authors, grey records are from VertNet, and white records are from the literature (see Materials and Methods). Note that both species have been recorded at eleven localities, including Irangi (Figure 1).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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