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140 results for “Brachiopoda”
Figure 3 in Phoronid phylogenetics (Brachiopoda; Phoronata): evidence from morphological cladistics, small and large subunit rDNA sequences, and mitochondrial cox1
Figure 3. Phoronid phylogeny. Most probable Bayesian likelihood tree (P = 0.68) from analysis of the 13tx alignment with clade credibility values from the majority rule consensus tree, which had the same topology. Where two clade credibility values are shown the first was from a run with the chiton as outgroup (not shown), and the second from a run with Phoronis ovalis as outgroup. MrBayes run commands were: charset coding_1st = 1-621\3; charset coding_2nd = 2-621\3; charset coding_3rd = 3-621\3; charset non-coding = 622-4515; partition all_4 = 4: coding_1st, coding_2nd, coding_3rd, non-coding; set partition = all_4; lset applyto=(all) nst = 6 rates = invgamma; databreaks 621 2386; unlink shape = all, pinvar = all, statefreq = all, revmat = all; prset ratepr = variable; mcmc ngen = 106 samplefreq = 100 printfreq = 5000 savebrlens = yes; plot match = all; sumt burnin = 2002. The tree shown was drawn in PAUP*4. The.con file was imported and displayed as a phylogram. Clade credibility values were added in a graphics editor.
Figure 2 in Phoronid phylogenetics (Brachiopoda; Phoronata): evidence from morphological cladistics, small and large subunit rDNA sequences, and mitochondrial cox1
Figure 2. Phoronid phylogeny. Maximum likelihood phylogram based on 24tx alignment of concatenated rDNA sequences, with selected bootstrap values (%, 100 pseudoreplicates).
Figure 1 in Phoronid phylogenetics (Brachiopoda; Phoronata): evidence from morphological cladistics, small and large subunit rDNA sequences, and mitochondrial cox1
Figure 1. Phoronid phylogeny. Reweighted parsimony cladogram (length = 36.75, consistency index = 0.907, retention index = 0.899) based on a 24-character morphological data matrix with bootstrap support (%; 500 pseudoreplicates; first figure unweighted, second figure reweighted).
The last representatives of the Superfamily Wellerelloidea (Brachiopoda, Rhynchonellida) in the westernmost Tethys (Iberian paleomargins) prior to their demise in the Early Toarcian Mass Extinction Event
<p><span>The last clade-level extinction episode affecting the Phylum Brachiopoda has been long-established in the Early Toarcian Mass Extinction Event (ETMEE) around the Pliensbachian-Toarcian transition, when several rhynchonellide groups became extinct and others underwent a notable renewal in the western Tethys. Among them, Wellerelloidea is a long-range superfamily severely affected by this environmental crisis, embodying the subfamily Cirpinae as the last wellerelloids worldwide, prior to their global extinction in the Pb-To transition. The profuse record of Lower Jurassic cirpines in the peri-Iberian paleomargins provides an opportunity to clarify the taxonomy of wellerelloid species in the pre-extinction interval. A new species (<em>Cirpa lucentina</em>) is erected and the revision of the Cirpinae taxa around the ETMEE is carried out. Morphometric analysis and the study of internal structures of the shells support the splitting between the genera <em>Cirpa</em> and <em>Salgirella</em>, adding new supplementary diagnostic criteria. The biogeographic distribution of this clade in the western Tethys and its evolutionary history in the Early Jurassic reveal </span><span>a <em>pervasive</em> colonization pattern of both epicontinental and epioceanic habitats. T</span><span>he Mediterranean origin of the last representatives of this group is ascertained, but while diversification of <em>Salgirella</em> took place in epioceanic habitats, speciation of <em>Cirpa</em> is unrelated to biochorema boundaries, even colonizing epicontinental seas until their extinction prior to the hyperwarming event that occurred in the basal Serpentinum Zone. A rhynchonellide morphogroup epitomized by cirpines was resilient to this event in the epicontinental seas. This morphogroup is also recorded after the extinction interval by means of the genus <em>Pseudogibbirhynchia</em>, thus postulating potential pre- and post-extinction phyletic relationships.</span></p>
Data from: Combined analysis of extant Rhynchonellida (Brachiopoda) using morphological and molecular data
Independent molecular and morphological phylogenetic analyses have often produced discordant results for certain groups which, for fossil-rich groups, raises the possibility that morphological data might mislead in those groups for which we depend upon morphology the most. Rhynchonellide brachiopods, with more than 500 extinct genera but only 19 extant genera represented today, provide an opportunity to explore the factors that produce contentious phylogenetic signal across datasets, as previous phylogenetic hypotheses generated from molecular sequence data bear little agreement with those constructed using morphological characters. Using a revised matrix of 66 morphological characters, and published ribosomal DNA sequences, we performed a series of combined phylogenetic analyses to identify conflicting phylogenetic signals. We completed a series of parsimony-based and Bayesian analyses, varying the data used, the taxa included, and the models used in the Bayesian analyses. We also performed simulation-based sensitivity analyses to assess whether the small size of the morphological data partition relative to the molecular data influenced the results of the combined analyses. In order to compare and contrast a large number of phylogenetic analyses and their resulting summary trees, we developed a measure for the incongruence between two topologies, and simultaneously ignore any differences in phylogenetic resolution. Phylogenetic hypotheses generated using only morphological characters differed amongst each other, and with previous analyses, while molecular-only and combined Bayesian analyses produced extremely similar topologies. Characters historically associated with traditional classification in the Rhynchonellida have very low consistency indices on the topology preferred by the combined Bayesian analyses. Overall, this casts doubt on the use of morphological systematics to resolve relationships among the crown rhynchonellide brachiopods. However, expanding our dataset to a larger number of extinct taxa with intermediate morphologies is necessary to exclude the possibility that the morphology of extant taxa is not dominated by convergence along long branches.
Text-fig. 1. Schizocrania incola (PERNER, 1903). Drawings of visceral area and muscle scars. in Schizocrania (Brachiopoda, Discinoidea): Taxonomy, Occurrence, Ecology And History Of The Earliest Epizoan Lingulate Brachiopod
Text-fig. 1. Schizocrania incola (PERNER, 1903). Drawings of visceral area and muscle scars.
Data from: Combined analysis of extant Rhynchonellida (Brachiopoda) using morphological and molecular data
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Supplementary materials from: Phylogeny of Athyridida (Brachiopoda): A comparison of methods of inference
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Data from: A quantitative review of the systematic taxonomy, distribution and palaeoenvironmental preferences of <em>Cathaysia</em> and <em>Paryphella</em> (Productida, Brachiopoda)
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The last representatives of the Superfamily Wellerelloidea (Brachiopoda, Rhynchonellida) in the westernmost Tethys (Iberian paleomargins) prior to their demise in the Early Toarcian Mass Extinction Event
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Data from: Brachial supporting structure of Spiriferida (Brachiopoda)
<p>The filter-feeding organ of some extinct brachiopods is supported by a skeletal apparatus called the brachidium. Although relatively well-studied in Atrypida and Athyridida, the brachidial morphology is usually neglected in Spiriferida. To investigate the variations of brachidial morphology in Spiriferida, 65 species belonging to eight superfamilies were analyzed. Based on the presence/absence of the jugal processes and normal/modified primary lamellae of the spiralia, four types of brachidium are recognized. Type-I (with jugal processes) and Type-II (without jugal processes), both having normal primary lamellae, could give rise to each other by losing/re-evolving the jugal processes. Type-III, without jugal processes, originated from Type-II through the evolution of the modified lateral-convex primary lamellae, and it gave rise to Type-IV subsequently by evolving the modified medial-convex primary lamellae. Besides, the evolution of brachidia within individual evolutionary lineages must be clarified, as two or more types can be present within a single family. Type-III and Type-IV are closely associated with the prolongation of the crura, representing innovative modifications of the feeding apparatus in response to the probably shift in the position of the mouth towards the anterior, allowing for more efficient feeding on particles entering the mantle cavity from the anterior gape. Meanwhile, the modified primary lamellae adjusted/regulated the feeding currents. The absence of spires in some taxa with Type-IV brachidium might suggest that they developed a similar lophophore to that in some extant brachiopods, which can extend out of the shell.The filter-feeding organ of some extinct brachiopods is supported by a skeletal apparatus called the brachidium. Although relatively well-studied in Atrypida and Athyridida, the brachidial morphology is usually neglected in Spiriferida. To investigate the variations of brachidial morphology in Spiriferida, 65 species belonging to eight superfamilies were analyzed. Based on the presence/absence of the jugal processes and normal/modified primary lamellae of the spiralia, four types of brachidium are recognized. Type-I (with jugal processes) and Type-II (without jugal processes), both having normal primary lamellae, could give rise to each other by losing/re-evolving the jugal processes. Type-III, without jugal processes, originated from Type-II through the evolution of the modified lateral-convex primary lamellae, and it gave rise to Type-IV subsequently by evolving the modified medial-convex primary lamellae. Besides, the evolution of brachidia within individual evolutionary lineages must be clarified, as two or more types can be present within a single family. Type-III and Type-IV are closely associated with the prolongation of the crura, representing innovative modifications of the feeding apparatus in response to the probably shift in the position of the mouth towards the anterior, allowing for more efficient feeding on particles entering the mantle cavity from the anterior gape. Meanwhile, the modified primary lamellae adjusted/regulated the feeding currents. The absence of spires in some taxa with Type-IV brachidium might suggest that they developed a similar lophophore to that in some extant brachiopods, which can extend out of the shell.</p>
Data from: Palaeobiogeographical distribution of Orbiculoidea (Brachiopoda, Discinoidea) responding to global climatic and geographical changes during the Palaeozoic
The Palaeozoic Era is a particularly interesting period of Earth history, as it includes the formation and northward movement of a supercontinent (Pangea), dramatic climatic changes and global biotic catastrophes. Here, we analyse the palaeobiogeographical distribution of the discinid brachiopod genus Orbiculoidea and discuss its distributional patterns in light of the environmental changes that occurred throughout the Palaeozoic and the Triassic. Our results indicate that the distribution of the genus seems to have been controlled mainly by the palaeogeographical framework and by global climate change. Importantly, its spatial pattern appears to directly respond both to the formation and northward movement of Pangea and to global temperature fluctuations during the Palaeozoic. In conjunction with these two global parameters, it is likely that the distribution of Orbiculoidea was also affected by regional factors, including the presence of oceanic upwelling as well as the development and demise of continental shelves and seaways.
Data from: Molecular phylogeny of rhynchonellide articulate brachiopods (Brachiopoda, Rhynchonellida)
We present here the first report based on phylogenetic analyses of small subunit (SSU/18S) and large subunit (LSU/28S) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences from a wider-than-token sample of rhynchonellide articulate brachiopods, with data from 11 of ∼20 extant genera (12 species) belonging to all four extant superfamilies. Data exploration by network and saturation analyses shows that the molecular sequence data are free from major aberrations and are suitable for phylogenetic reconstruction despite the presence of large deletions in four SSU rDNA sequences. Although molecular sequence analyses cannot directly illuminate the systematics of fossils, the independent, genealogical evidence and phylogenetic inferences about extant forms that they make possible are highly relevant to paleontological systematics because they highlight the limitations of evolutionary inference from morphology. Parsimony, distance, maximum likelihood (no clock) and Bayesian (relaxed-clock) analyses all find a tree topology that disagrees strongly with the existing superfamily classification. All tested phylogenetic reconstructions agree that the taxa analyzed fall into three clades designated A1, A2, and B that reflect two major divergence events. The relaxed-clock analysis indicates that clades A and B diverged in the Paleozoic, while clades A1 and A2 reflect Permo-Triassic (and later) events. Morphological homoplasy and possible gene co-option are suggested as the main sources for the discord between the morpho-classification, the results of cladistic analyses of morphology, and the relationships reconstructed from molecular sequences. The origin, function and evolutionary implications of the deletion-bearing rhynchonellide SSU rDNA sequences are briefly discussed in relation to pseudogenes and concerted evolution in the rDNA genomic region.
FIGURE 5. Filispirifer merzakhsaiensis Jansen, 2001 in A new species of Filispirifer (Brachiopoda: Delthyridoidea) from the Dra Valley, Morocco (Lower Devonian)
FIGURE 5. Filispirifer merzakhsaiensis Jansen, 2001. All specimens original size (1.0 x). A. SMF 59159. Collecting locality: Tiguisselt, West of Tata, South Morocco. Stratum: Merzâ-Akhsaï Formation ('Rich 2'), Middle/Upper Siegenian (middle Lower Devonian). Plan view of internal ventral mould. B. SMF 65790. Collecting locality: Sidi Rezzoug I, c. 30 km south of Tata, South Morocco. Statum: same as A. Plan view of ventral internal mould. C. SMF 59103a, holotype. Collecting locality: Tadoucht, South Morocco. Stratum: same as A. Plan view of dorsal internal mould. D. GZG.INV. 15203a. Collecting locality: Section La Vid near León, Cantabrian Mountains (Spain), Stratum: La Vid Formation (Upper Siegenian, middle Lower Devonian). Plan view of ventral internal mould. E. GZG.INV. 15202. Collecting locality and stratum same as D. Plan view of ventral internal mould.
FIGURE 7 in A new species of Filispirifer (Brachiopoda: Delthyridoidea) from the Dra Valley, Morocco (Lower Devonian)
FIGURE 7.? Filispirifer cf. beaujeani (Béclard, 1887). All specimens original size (1.0 x) if no other indication. Dorsal internal mould with corresponding external mould. Collecting locality: Section Arauz, Cantabrian Mountains (Spain). Stratum: Cortes Formation (probably Upper Siegenian, middle Lower Devonian). GZG.INV. 15201a; Plan (A) and oblique posterior (B) views of internal mould, Plan (C) view of latex cast. GZG.INV. 15201b; micro-ornamentation of latex cast (D), plan view (E) of external mould and of latex cast (F), scale bar 5 mm.
FIGURE 4 in A new species of Filispirifer (Brachiopoda: Delthyridoidea) from the Dra Valley, Morocco (Lower Devonian)
FIGURE 4. Serial sections of Filispirifer hamadae n. sp., A–G. SMF 66590, all figures of double size (2.0 x); sectioning perpendicular to commissural plane, shell material in black, sectioning distance in mm from posterior; c = crus, cb = crural base, ct = ctenophoridium, dp = dental plate, ds = dental socket, lac = lateral apical cavity, sp = spiralia, ssm = secondary shell material, t = tooth, vmf = ventral muscle field, vp = ventral process.
FIGURE 2. Morphological terms for Filispirifer hamadae n in A new species of Filispirifer (Brachiopoda: Delthyridoidea) from the Dra Valley, Morocco (Lower Devonian)
FIGURE 2. Morphological terms for Filispirifer hamadae n. sp., SMF 65248b, holotype. Internal mould of ventral valve. Plan view. Dental plates, ventral process, and myophragm are preserved as negative forms. Drawing: M. McMullen.
FIGURE 6 in A new species of Filispirifer (Brachiopoda: Delthyridoidea) from the Dra Valley, Morocco (Lower Devonian)
FIGURE 6. Filispirifer fallax (Giebel, 1858). All specimens original size (1.0 x). A. Mbg. 4839. Collecting locality: Erbsloch-Schurf (= Erbsloch Trench), South of Densberg, Kellerwald, topographical mapsheet 1:25,000 Gilserberg (Rheinisches Schiefergebirge, Germany), Stratum: Erbslochgrauwacke, lower Lower Emsian (upper Lower Devonian). Plan view of ventral internal mould. B. SMF 65395a. Collecting locality and stratum: same as A. Plan view of dorsal internal mould.
FIGURE 3. Morphological terms for Filispirifer hamadae n in A new species of Filispirifer (Brachiopoda: Delthyridoidea) from the Dra Valley, Morocco (Lower Devonian)
FIGURE 3. Morphological terms for Filispirifer hamadae n. sp., SMF 66583. Internal mould of dorsal valve. A. Plan view. B. Oblique posterior view. Dental sockets, brachiophores, and myophragm are preserved as negative forms. Drawing: J. Eberhardt.
FIGURE 14 in Recent Brachiopoda from the Norfolk Ridge, New Caledonia, with description of four new species
FIGURE 14. Depth ranges of particular brachiopod species collected during the Norfolk 1 and Norfolk 2 cruises to the Norfolk Ridge, New Caledonia.
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