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FIGURE 9 in On the taxonomy and natural history of the secretive Ischnocnema lactea (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1923) (Anura: Brachycephaloidea: Brachycephalidae)

FIGURE 9. Detailed illustration of Ischnocnema lactea from Cochran (1955). Dorsal (A), and lateral views of head (B); ventral views of left foot (C) and hand (D).

FIGURE 5 in On the taxonomy and natural history of the secretive Ischnocnema lactea (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1923) (Anura: Brachycephaloidea: Brachycephalidae)

FIGURE 5. Adult specimens of Ischnocnema lactea from Núcleo Curucutu. PESM. Municipality of Itanhaém, State of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil. A) Adult unsexed CFBH 32293; B) subadult unsexed CFBH 17670; C) adult female CFBH 19342; D) adult female CFBH 25822. Photographs by Leo R. Malagoli.

FIGURE 4 in On the taxonomy and natural history of the secretive Ischnocnema lactea (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1923) (Anura: Brachycephaloidea: Brachycephalidae)

FIGURE 4. Ischnocnema lactea, adult male (CFBH 29055; SVL 23.1 mm). Lateral (A) and dorsal (B) views of head; ventral view of hand (C) and foot (D). Measurements: HL 9.3 mm; HW 9.2 mm; HL 8.2 mm; FL 13.2 mm.

FIGURE 3 in On the taxonomy and natural history of the secretive Ischnocnema lactea (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1923) (Anura: Brachycephaloidea: Brachycephalidae)

FIGURE 3. Ischnocnema lactea (CFBH 29055; CRC 23.1 mm) in dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views of newly collected adult male from PNMNP.

FIGURE 6 in On the taxonomy and natural history of the secretive Ischnocnema lactea (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1923) (Anura: Brachycephaloidea: Brachycephalidae)

FIGURE 6. Ischnocnema lactea distribution map. Black polygon, left below: former type locality, Municipality of Iguape, in error (see text); star: corrected type locality (see text); circles: verified distribution records of I. lactea (see Appendix 1).

FIGURE 7 in On the taxonomy and natural history of the secretive Ischnocnema lactea (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1923) (Anura: Brachycephaloidea: Brachycephalidae)

FIGURE 7. Spectrogram and corresponding oscillogram of the advertisement call of Ischnocnema lactea from Núcleo Curucutu, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Municipality of São Paulo, State of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil (CFBH 40055; SVL 20.34 mm). Recorded on 15 June 2015, at 01:20 p.m., air temperature 13.1°C. Figures were made on the same time scale.

FIGURE 8 in On the taxonomy and natural history of the secretive Ischnocnema lactea (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1923) (Anura: Brachycephaloidea: Brachycephalidae)

FIGURE 8. Amplectant specimens of Ischnocnema lactea from PNMNP, Municipality of Santo André, State of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil. A) CFBH 29055 ♂, CFBH 29047 ♀; B) MZUSP 145319 ♂, MZUSP 145320 ♀. Photographs by Vivian Trevine.

FIGURE 2 in On the identity of Adelophryne pachydactyla Hoogmoed, Borges, and Cascon, 1994 (Brachycephaloidea: Eleutherodactylidae)

FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on Bayesian analysis of mtDNA (12S, 16S, CytB, COI) and nuDNA (RAG1, RAG2, POMC, TYR). Notice that specimens of OTU 3a and OTU 3b cluster with two candidate species proposed by Fouquet et al. (2012), highlighted respectively in yellow and red: Adelophryne "pachydactyla" and Adelophryne sp. 6 as proposed by Fouquet et al. (2012). See text for discussion.

FIGURE 1 in On the identity of Adelophryne pachydactyla Hoogmoed, Borges, and Cascon, 1994 (Brachycephaloidea: Eleutherodactylidae)

FIGURE 1. Distribution of OTUs and Adelophryne specimens in Southern Bahia. Square denotes the type-locality of Adelophryne pachydactyla (without collected samples). Triangles denote localities sampled by Fouquet et al. 2012. Circles correspond to localities sampled for the present work whose specimens based the definitions of the morphological OTUs.

Fig. 9 in Skeleton in the closet: hidden diversity in patterns of cranial and postcranial ontogeny in Neotropical direct-developing frogs (Anura: Brachycephaloidea)

Fig. 9 Schematic representation of auto- and zeugopodium development in Haddadus binotatus. a Forelimb. b Hind limb. The adult configuration is shown at the left, and drawings at the right show the sequential ossification (black segments) of elements. Abbreviations: fi, fibulare; mc, metacarpalia; mt, metatarsalia; p, phalanges; ph, prehallux; pp, prepollex; r, radius; ra, radiale; ti, tibiale; u, ulna; ul, ulnare; Y, element Y; 1–5, distal carpalia and tarsalia; I–V, fingers and toes

Fig. 13 in Skeleton in the closet: hidden diversity in patterns of cranial and postcranial ontogeny in Neotropical direct-developing frogs (Anura: Brachycephaloidea)

Fig. 13 Cranial and postcranial skeleton of Brachycephalus ephippium at late prehatching stages. a Embryo at TS13, showing a cross section of the lower jaw with ossified squamosals and angulosplenials investing the palatoquadrate and Meckel's cartilage. b Embryo at TS15, showing a cross section through the otic capsule, showing the still slight ossification, and cleared and stained chondrocranium (anterolateral view) and left hand (dorsal view). Histological sections are colored with

Fig. 12 in Skeleton in the closet: hidden diversity in patterns of cranial and postcranial ontogeny in Neotropical direct-developing frogs (Anura: Brachycephaloidea)

Fig. 12 Postcranial skeleton of Ischnocnema henselii at hatching. a Vertebral column and pelvic girdle, dorsal view. b Pectoral girdle, ventral view. c Forelimb, dorsal view. d Hind limb, dorsal view. The inset shows detail of the medial region of articulated pectoral girdle,

Fig. 6 in Skeleton in the closet: hidden diversity in patterns of cranial and postcranial ontogeny in Neotropical direct-developing frogs (Anura: Brachycephaloidea)

Fig. 6 Skeletal morphology of Haddadus binotatus at TS12. a Skull in dorsal, ventral, and lateral views. b Hyobranchial apparatus, ventral view. Inset: detail of the suspensorium region, showing the arrangement of the palatoquadrate and ossifications developed. c Vertebral column, dorsal view. d Pectoral girdle, ventral view. e Pelvic girdle, lateral view. f Forelimb, dorsal view. g Hind limb, dorsal view. Abbreviations: as,

Fig. 2 in Skeleton in the closet: hidden diversity in patterns of cranial and postcranial ontogeny in Neotropical direct-developing frogs (Anura: Brachycephaloidea)

Fig. 2 Development of the nasal region of Oreobates barituensis. a TS14, anteroventral view of the snout. b Hatchling, frontal view of the snout. c Hatchling, serial sections of the nasal region; hematoxylin–eosin staining; nonconsecutive images were selected in order to show main nasal structures, from front (first, left image) to caudal region (last image).

Fig. 1 in Skeleton in the closet: hidden diversity in patterns of cranial and postcranial ontogeny in Neotropical direct-developing frogs (Anura: Brachycephaloidea)

Fig. 1 Skeletal morphology of Oreobates barituensis at TS12. a Skull dorsal, ventral, and lateral views. b Hyobranchial apparatus, ventral view. Inset: detail of the palatoquadrate cartilage with a long pterygoid process. c Vertebral column, dorsal view. d Pectoral girdle, ventral view. e Pelvic girdle, lateral view. f Forelimb, dorsal view. g Hind limb, dorsal view. Abbreviations: c, coracoid; ec, epicoracoid; fi, fibulare; h, hyale; hp, hypobranchial plate; hu, humerus; il, ilium; ipc, inferior prenasal

Fig. 8 in Skeleton in the closet: hidden diversity in patterns of cranial and postcranial ontogeny in Neotropical direct-developing frogs (Anura: Brachycephaloidea)

Fig. 8 Postcranial skeleton of Haddadus binotatus at TS15. a Vertebral column, dorsal view. b Pectoral girdle, ventral view. c Pelvic girdle, lateral view. d Forelimb, dorsal view. e Hind limb, dorsal view. Abbreviations: c, coracoid; cl, clavicle; ct, cleithrum; fi, fibulare; il,

Fig. 5 in Skeleton in the closet: hidden diversity in patterns of cranial and postcranial ontogeny in Neotropical direct-developing frogs (Anura: Brachycephaloidea)

Fig. 5 Schematic representation of auto- and zeugopodium development in Oreobates barituensis. a Forelimb. b Hind limb. The adult configuration is shown at the left, and drawings at the right show the sequential ossification (black segments) of elements. Abbreviations: fi, fibulare; mc, metacarpalia; mt, metatarsalia; p, phalanges; ph, prehallux; pp, prepollex; r, radius; ra, radiale; ti, tibiale; u, ulna; ul, ulnare; Y, element Y; 1–5, distal carpalia and tarsalia; I–V, fingers and toes

Fig. 7 in Skeleton in the closet: hidden diversity in patterns of cranial and postcranial ontogeny in Neotropical direct-developing frogs (Anura: Brachycephaloidea)

Fig. 7 Cranial skeleton of Haddadus binotatus at TS15. a Skull in dorsal and ventral views. b Detail of the rostral region, frontal view. c Detail of the suspensorium region, showing ossifications in lateral view. Abbreviations: as, angulosplenial; d, dentary; m, maxilla; mm, mentomeckelian; mt, maxillary teeth; n, nasal; oc, otic capsule; pm, premaxilla; qj, quadratojugal; sm, septomaxilla; sq, squamosal. Scale bars = 1 mm

Fig. 10 in Skeleton in the closet: hidden diversity in patterns of cranial and postcranial ontogeny in Neotropical direct-developing frogs (Anura: Brachycephaloidea)

Fig. 10 Skeletal morphology of Ischnocnema henselii at TS11–12. a Skull dorsal and lateral views. b Hyobranchial apparatus, ventral view. Inset: detail of the palatoquadrate cartilage, showing a primordium of the squamosal. c Vertebral column, dorsal view. d Pectoral girdle, ventral view. e Pelvic girdle, lateral view. f Forelimb, dorsal view. g Hind limb,

Fig. 3 in Skeleton in the closet: hidden diversity in patterns of cranial and postcranial ontogeny in Neotropical direct-developing frogs (Anura: Brachycephaloidea)

Fig. 3 Cranial skeleton of Oreobates barituensis at TS15. a Skull in dorsal, ventral, and lateral views. b Hyobranchial apparatus, ventral view. c Detail of the rostral region, dorsal view. d Detail of the caudal portion of the pterygoid process, dorsal view. Skull ossifications present