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98 results for “Bufo”
Figure 7 in Phylogeny of South American Bufo (Anura: Bufonidae) inferred from combined evidence
Figure 7. Ventral aspect of the skulls of representative South American Bufo. A, B. crucifer (KU 93112). B, B. granulosus (B. granulosus group; KU 170090). C, B. amabilis (B. spinulosus group; KU 124587). D, B. margaritifer (B. margaritifer group; KU 152057). E, B. veraguensis (B. veraguensis group; KU 164084). F, B. valliceps (B. valliceps group; KU 59873). G, B. caeruleostictus (B. guttatus group; KU 152057). H, B. cophotis (B. variegatus group; KU 218525). Scale bars = 1 cm.
Figure 4 in Phylogeny of South American Bufo (Anura: Bufonidae) inferred from combined evidence
Figure 4. Bayesian topology inferred from the combined molecular and morphological data, analysed with the following maximum likelihood (ML) models: GTR + I + G (mitochondrial DNA + Rag-1), GTR + G (POMC), and Markov k (Mk; morphology). Bayesian posterior probabilities (multiplied by 100) are listed below the branches (values ≥ 97 are indicated with an asterisk). The skull (frontoparietal) type of each clade is indicated as follows: black line, 'broad skull'; grey line, 'narrow skull'; dashed line, equivocal. To give an indication of the variation in skull width and shape within Bufo, the skull of one representative of each South American species group (and B. lemur from the West Indies), is illustrated to the right of its respective clade.
Figure 5 in Phylogeny of South American Bufo (Anura: Bufonidae) inferred from combined evidence
Figure 5. Skull of Bufo marinus (KU 152914) in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral, and (C) lateral aspects, illustrating cranial elements described in the text and used in the phylogenetic analyses. The numbers identify characters (and their assigned states) that are described in the text. Scale bar = 1 cm.
Reconstructing hotspots of genetic diversity from glacial refugia and subsequent dispersal in Italian common toads (Bufo bufo)
<p>Genetic diversity feeds the evolutionary process and allows populations to adapt to environmental changes. However, we still lack a thorough understanding of why hotspots of genetic diversity are so 'hot'. Here, we analysed the relative contribution of bioclimatic stability and genetic admixture between divergent lineages in shaping spatial patterns of genetic diversity in the common toad <i>Bufo bufo</i> along the Italian peninsula. We combined population genetic, phylogeographic and species distribution modelling (SDM) approaches to map ancestral areas, glacial refugia, and secondary contact zones. We consistently identified three phylogeographic lineages, distributed in northern, central and southern Italy. These lineages expanded from their ancestral areas and established secondary contact zones, before the last interglacial. SDM identified widespread glacial refugia in peninsular Italy, sometimes located under the present-day sea-level. Generalized linear models indicated genetic admixture as the only significant predictor of the levels of population genetic diversity. Our results show that glacial refugia contributed to preserving both levels and patterns of genetic diversity across glacial-interglacial cycles, but not to their formation, and highlight a general principle emerging in Mediterranean species: higher levels of genetic diversity mark populations with substantial contributions from multiple genetic lineages, irrespective of the location of glacial refugia.</p>
Data from: Phylogeography of Aegean green toads (Bufo viridis subgroup): continental hybrid swarm vs. insular diversification with discovery of a new island endemic
Background: Debated aspects in speciation research concern the amount of gene flow between incipient species under secondary contact and the modes by which post-zygotic isolation accumulates. Secondary contact zones of allopatric lineages, involving varying levels of divergence, provide natural settings for comparative studies, for which the Aegean (Eastern Mediterranean) geography offers unique scenarios. In Palearctic green toads (Bufo viridis subgroup or Bufotes), Plio-Pleistocene (~2.6 Mya) diverged species show a sharp transition without contemporary gene flow, while younger lineages, diverged in the Lower-Pleistocene (~1.9 Mya), admix over tens of kilometers. Here, we conducted a fine-scale multilocus phylogeographic analysis of continental and insular green toads from the Aegean, where a third pair of taxa, involving Mid-Pleistocene diverged (~1.5 Mya) mitochondrial lineages, earlier tentatively named viridis and variabilis, (co-)occurs. Results: We discovered a new lineage, endemic to Naxos (Central Cyclades), while coastal islands and Crete feature weak genetic differentiation from the continent. In continental Greece, both lineages, viridis and variabilis, form a hybrid swarm, involving massive mitochondrial and nuclear admixture over hundreds of kilometers, without obvious selection against hybrids. Conclusions: The genetic signatures of insular Aegean toads appear governed by bathymetry and Quaternary sea level changes, resulting in long-term isolation (Central Cyclades: Naxos) and recent land-bridges (coastal islands). Conversely, Crete has been isolated since the end of the Messinian salinity crisis (5.3 My) and Cretan populations thus likely result from human-mediated colonization, at least since Antiquity, from Peloponnese and Anatolia. Comparisons of green toad hybrid zones support the idea that post-zygotic hybrid incompatibilities accumulate gradually over the genome. In this radiation, only one million years of divergence separate a scenario of complete reproductive isolation, from a secondary contact resulting in near panmixia.
Fig. 1 in Morphological and ecological features of peripherial local populations of Bufo raddei Str. within the north western part of their habitat
Fig. 1. Sites of registration of Mongolian toad on the border the North-West of the area.
Fig. 3 in Morphological and ecological features of peripherial local populations of Bufo raddei Str. within the north western part of their habitat
Fig. 3. The age structure of the population of Mongolian toad, N=42 (East Pribaikalje).
Fig. 2 in Morphological and ecological features of peripherial local populations of Bufo raddei Str. within the north western part of their habitat
Fig. 2. The age structure of the population of Mongolian toad, N=41 (West Pribaikalje).
Fig. 4 in Morphological and ecological features of peripherial local populations of Bufo raddei Str. within the north western part of their habitat
Fig. 4. Dimensions of juveniles after metamorphosis, N=152 (West Pribaikalje).
Chlamydia-like organisms in Bufo bufo tadpoles from ponds located in the Geneva metropolitan area
<p>Sequences of the <em>Chlamydia</em>-like organisms from the <em>Bufo bufo</em> tadpole populations sampled in the metropolitan area of Geneva.</p>
Brain size variation along altitudinal gradients in the Asiatic Toad (Bufo gargarizans)
<p>Size changes of brain and brain regions along altitudinal gradients provide insight into the trade-off between energetic expenditure and cognitive capacity. We investigated the brain size variations of the Asiatic Toad (<i>Bufo gargarizans</i>) across altitudes from 700m to 3200m. A total of 325 individuals from 11 sites and two transects were sampled. To reduce confounding factors, all sampling sites within each transect were within a maximum distance of 85km and minimum altitudinal difference close to 2000 m. Brains were dissected and five regions were both measured directly and with 3D CT scan. There is a significant negative correlation between the relative whole brain volume (to snout-vent length) and altitude. Furthermore, the relative volumes (to whole brain volume) of optic tectum and cerebellum also decrease along the altitudinal gradients, except the telencephalon, which increases along the altitudinal gradients. Therefore, our results are mostly consistent with the expensive tissue hypothesis and the functional constraint hypothesis. We suggest that most current hypotheses are not mutually exclusive and data supporting one hypothesis are often partially consistent with others. More researches on mechanisms are needed to explain the brain size evolution in realistic adaptation events.</p>
A qualitative assessment of calcification across species and sexes of European Bufo toads using the micro-CT technique
<p><span>Micro-computed tomography </span><span>is a powerful tool towards the detailed reconstruction of internal and external morphology, in particular for ossified and other dense tissues. Here, we document and compare the amount of calcification in the skin of the head and the parotoids (the external skin glands) in males and females of the common and spined toads, <em>Bufo</em> <em>bufo</em> and <em>B. spinosus</em>. In some anurans including <em>Bufo</em> species, a specific acellular calcified tissue layer (the Eberth-Katschenko layer) within the dermis has been documented. Using micro-CT scan and standard histological techniques, we detected additional calcium deposits located in the dermal layer stratum spongiosum, above the Eberth-Katschenko layer. The data show that the level of calcification and the presence of the additional calcium deposits is size- and sex-related, increasing in the order from <em>B. bufo</em> males, <em>B. spinosus</em> males, <em>B. bufo</em> females to <em>B. spinosus</em> females. The least variable are <em>B. spinosus</em> females that have dense additional calcium deposits in parotoids, dorsal and ventral skin, as armour protecting their heads. Three-dimensional volume renderings and cross-sectional slices obtained by micro-CT scan used in this study indicate that this approach is a promising technique for further studies on <em>Bufo</em> skin anatomy and geographic variation in skin calcification.</span></p>
Proarna bufo Distant, 1905(Figura 1i) in Cicádidos (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadidae) Del Museo Provincial De Ciencias Naturales "Florentino Ameghino" Santa Fe, Argentina
Proarna bufo Distant, 1905(Figura 1i)
Age Structure and Body Size of The Tibetan Toad (Bufo tibetanus) Populations from Two Different Altitudes in China
<p>Knowledge about the altitudinal patterns in age and body size helps to highlight the evolution of life history parameters in animals. In this study, we investigated the demographic traits of the Tibetan toad (<em>Bufo tibetanus</em>) between populations from low and high altitude habitats (2650 <em>vs</em> 3930m) using skeletochronology. We found 1) the mean age and body size of females were significantly greater than those of males in either population; 2) both sexes of toads from the higher altitude tended to be significantly older in age and larger in body size; 3) a significant positive relationship between age and body size within each sex of the toad at both altitudes; 4) growth rates varied between the two populations, with the higher rate observed in the low-altitude population, and lower in the high-altitude population. Our results suggest that factors other than age can influence altitudinal patterns in body size, such as altitude-associated temperature. Future research should pay attention to these factors and evaluate their influences on the growth patterns of animals.Knowledge about the altitudinal patterns in age and body size helps to highlight the evolution of life history parameters in animals. In this study, we investigated the demographic traits of the Tibetan toad (<em>Bufo tibetanus</em>) between populations from low and high altitude habitats (2650 <em>vs</em> 3930m) using skeletochronology. We found 1) the mean age and body size of females were significantly greater than those of males in either population; 2) both sexes of toads from the higher altitude tended to be significantly older in age and larger in body size; 3) a significant positive relationship between age and body size within each sex of the toad at both altitudes; 4) growth rates varied between the two populations, with the higher rate observed in the low-altitude population, and lower in the high-altitude population. Our results suggest that factors other than age can influence altitudinal patterns in body size, such as altitude-associated temperature. Future research should pay attention to these factors and evaluate their influences on the growth patterns of animals.</p>
Data from: Phylogeography of Aegean green toads (Bufo viridis subgroup): continental hybrid swarm vs. insular diversification with discovery of a new island endemic
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A qualitative assessment of calcification across species and sexes of European Bufo toads using the micro-CT technique
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Brain size variation along altitudinal gradients in the Asiatic Toad (Bufo gargarizans)
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Reconstructing hotspots of genetic diversity from glacial refugia and subsequent dispersal in Italian common toads (Bufo bufo)
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Data from: Phenotypic divergence of the common toad (Bufo bufo) along an altitudinal gradient: evidence for local adaptation
Variation in the environment can induce different patterns of genetic and phenotypic differentiation among populations. Both neutral processes and selection can influence phenotypic differentiation. Altitudinal phenotypic variation is of particular interest in disentangling the interplay between neutral processes and selection in the dynamics of local adaptation processes but remains little explored. We conducted a common garden experiment to study the phenotypic divergence in larval life-history traits among nine populations of the common toad (Bufo bufo) along an altitudinal gradient in France. We further used correlation among population pairwise estimates of quantitative trait (QST) and neutral genetic divergence (FST from neutral microsatellite markers), as well as altitudinal difference, to estimate the relative role of divergent selection and neutral genetic processes in phenotypic divergence. We provided evidence for a neutral genetic differentiation resulting from both isolation by distance and difference in altitude. We found evidence for phenotypic divergence along the altitudinal gradient (faster development, lower growth rate and smaller metamorphic size). The correlation between pairwise QSTs–FSTs and altitude differences suggested that this phenotypic differentiation was most likely driven by altitude-mediated selection rather than by neutral genetic processes. Moreover, we found different divergence patterns for larval traits, suggesting that different selective agents may act on these traits and/or selection on one trait may constrain the evolution on another through genetic correlation. Our study highlighted the need to design more integrative studies on the common toad to unravel the underlying processes of phenotypic divergence and its selective agents in the context of environmental clines.
Data from: Genomewide scan for adaptive differentiation along altitudinal gradient in the Andrew's toad Bufo andrewsi
Recent studies of humans, dogs and rodents have started to discover the genetic underpinnings of high altitude adaptations, yet amphibians have received little attention in this respect. To identify possible signatures of adaptation to altitude, we performed a genome scan of 15 557 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) obtained with restriction site-associated DNA sequencing of pooled samples from 11 populations of Andrew's toad (Bufo andrewsi) from the edge of the Tibetan Plateau, spanning an altitudinal gradient from 1690 to 2768 m.a.s.l. We discovered significant geographic differentiation among all sites, with an average FST = 0.023 across all SNPs. Apart from clear patterns of isolation by distance, we discovered numerous outlier SNPs showing strong associations with variation in altitude (1394 SNPs), average annual temperature (1859 SNPs) or both (1051 SNPs). Levels and patterns of genetic differentiation in these SNPs were consistent with the hypothesis that they have been subject to directional selection and reflect adaptation to altitudinal variation among the study sites. Genes with footprints of selection were significantly enriched in binding and metabolic processes. Several genes potentially related to high altitude adaptation were identified, although the identity and functional significance of most genomic targets of selection remain unknown. In general, the results provide genomic support for results of earlier common garden and low coverage genetic studies that have uncovered substantial adaptive differentiation along altitudinal and latitudinal gradients in amphibians.
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