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65 results for “Cambrian Series 2”
Data from: Ontogeny of the articulated yiliangellinine trilobite Zhangshania typica from the lower Cambrian (Series 2, Stage 3) of southern China
New discoveries of the early Cambrian yiliangellinine trilobite Zhangshania typica Li and Zhang in Kunming preserve almost all instars from early postembryonic (protaspid) to mature (holaspid) phases in articulated state, in addition to mature specimens with antennae bearing paired spines on the basal articles. The ontogenetic series shows protarthrous development with some, but likely not all, early holaspid instars expressing additional pygidial segments, gradual rearward migration of the location of the longest pleural spines on the trunk segments, and striking positive allometry of the genal spines. It also reveals Parazhangshania sichuanensis Li and Zhang, 1990 to be the holaspid stage 3 of Z. typica, and therefore its junior synonym. This new find in the Hongjingshao Formation provides species-based regional correlation across the South China block and Z. typica may provide an important biostratigraphic marker for the base of the traditional Tsanglangpuan Stage.
Figure 9 in Ontogeny and evolutionary significance of a new acrotretide brachiopod genus from Cambrian Series 2 of South China
Figure 9. Ontogenetic development of pedicle foramen of Palaeotreta zhujiahensis from the Shuijingtuo Formation of western Hubei. A, enlarged pedicle notch of Figure 8A; B, juvenile with unrestricted pedicle notch, showing raised propareas (arrows), ELI-AJH 8-2-3 AC-11; C, posterior view of Figure 8B; D, 'U'-shaped pedicle notch, note the growth of propareas at the posterior margin of metamorphic shell (arrow); E, F, 'U'-shaped pedicle foramen is soon to be enclosed, note the growth of propareas (arrow); G, enclosed pedicle foramen with short intertrough, ELI-AJH 8-2-D AD2-12; H, larger adult showing pedicle foramen outside the metamorphic shell, ELI-AJH 8-2-3 CD2-02; I, enlargement of propareas growing at the posterior margin of metamorphic shell and lateral sides of pedicle foramen of G; J, lateral view of I, note propareas growth (arrow); K, posterior view, showing pedicle foramen mostly located outside the metamorphic shell, box indicates the area shown in L, ELI-AJH 8-2-3 AC-22; L, enlarged view showing propareas growth (arrow); M, enlargement of propareas at the posterior margin of metamorphic shell, note pedicle foramen (arrow), ELI-AJH 8-2-1 AE-09; N, pitting structures on metamorphic shell, ELI-AJH 8-2-1 AE-09; O, P, enlarged secondary columnar layer, ELI-AJH 8-2-1 AE-09, ELI-AJH 8-2-1 CE-03.
Figure 10 in Ontogeny and evolutionary significance of a new acrotretide brachiopod genus from Cambrian Series 2 of South China
Figure 10. Ontogenetic scheme of Palaeotreta and Eohadrotreta from Cambrian Series 2 of South China, demonstrating transitions of important characters during different ontogenetic stages (modified from Z.-L. Zhang et al. 2018a, Claybourn et al. 2020).
Figure 7 in Ontogeny and evolutionary significance of a new acrotretide brachiopod genus from Cambrian Series 2 of South China
Figure 7. Bivariate plots of ventral valves of Palaeotreta shannanensis gen. et sp. nov. from the Shuijingtuo Formation showing ontogenetic stage T1 (red) and stage T2 (blue). A, plots of valve width – length ratio (W/L), length at maximum width – valve length ratio (Lm/L), and valve height – length ratio (H/L). B, plots of apical process length – valve length ratio (La/L), pedicle foramen length – valve length ratio (Lf/L).
Figure 8 in Ontogeny and evolutionary significance of a new acrotretide brachiopod genus from Cambrian Series 2 of South China
Figure 8. Ontogenetic development of ventral valve of Palaeotreta zhujiahensis from the Shuijingtuo Formation of western Hubei. A–F, ventral valves demonstrating pedicle foramen forming stage (T1); A, oblique dorsal view of a very small conjoined specimen showing unrestricted pedicle notch, ELI-AJH 8-1-2-B AF12; B, lateral view of a small conjoined specimen, ELI-AJH 8-2-3 AD2-07; C, posterior view, box indicates the area shown in Figure 9E, ELI-AJH S05 AG07; D, interior view of C; E, oblique view of a larger juvenile, ELI-AJH 8-2-3 AC-27; F, posterior view of E, note 'U'-shaped pedicle notch, box indicates the area shown in Figure 9D; G, lateral view, indicating pedicle foramen-enclosing stage (T2), showing enclosed pedicle foramen outside of the metamorphic shell, ELI-AJH 8-2-D AD2-12; H–N, intertrough-increasing stage (T3); H, posterior view, ELI-AJH S05 AF-16; I–N, adult with short intertrough, ELI-AJH 8-2-1 CE-03; I, exterior view; J, interior view; K, oblique lateral view; L, lateral view; M, posterior view, note the posterior migration of enclosed pedicle foramen, outside the metamorphic shell; N, oblique anterior view.
Figure 6 in Ontogeny and evolutionary significance of a new acrotretide brachiopod genus from Cambrian Series 2 of South China
Figure 6. Ontogenetic development of pedicle foramen of Palaeotreta shannanensis gen. et sp. nov. from the Shuijingtuo Formation of southern Shaanxi. A, B, juvenile with unrestricted pedicle notch, note raised propareas (arrows), ELI-XYB S4-3 AV-09; C, D, juvenile with unrestricted pedicle notch, ELI-XYB S4-3 AV-17; E–G, semicircular pedicle foramen soon to be enclosed, ELI-XYB S4-3 AV-05; H, raised propareas (arrows), ELI-XYB S4-3 AV-11; I–L, pedicle foramen, just enclosed with very short intertrough, XYB S4-3 AU-07; M, N, adult with enclosed pedicle foramen, showing the successive growth of propareas at the posterior margin of the metamorphic shell (arrow), ELI-XYB S4-3 AU-01; O, enclosed pedicle foramen is mostly outside the metamorphic shell, ELI-XYB S4-3 AV-07.
Figure 4 in Ontogeny and evolutionary significance of a new acrotretide brachiopod genus from Cambrian Series 2 of South China
Figure 4. Ornamentation and ultrastructure of the earliest ontogeny of Palaeotreta shannanensis gen. et sp. nov. from the Shuijingtuo Formation of southern Shaanxi. A, enlarged ventral apex, note pronounced halo (arrow) and drape structures (tailed arrow), ELI-XYB S4-3 AU-08; B, oblique lateral view of A, showing the pedicle foramen (arrow) and protegulum (tailed arrow); C, posterior view of ventral apex, show enclosed pedicle foramen outside of metamorphic shell, ELI-XYB S4-3 AU-01; D, enlarged dorsal apex, note pronounced halo (arrow) and drape structures (tailed arrow), ELI-XYB S4-3 AV-15 E, obliquely lateral view of D, showing the protegulum (tailed arrow) and two pairs of larval setal sacs (arrows); F, evenly distributed pitting structures on metamorphic shell, ELI-XYB S4-3 AU-13; G, enlargement of F; H, growth lines and drape structures on post-metamorphic shell, ELI-XYB S4-3 AU-13.
Figure 5 in Ontogeny and evolutionary significance of a new acrotretide brachiopod genus from Cambrian Series 2 of South China
Figure 5. Internal morphology and ultrastructure of Palaeotreta shannanensis gen. et sp. nov. from the Shuijingtuo Formation of southern Shaanxi. A, enlarged ventral posterior end, showing cardinal muscle scars (arrows) and paired vascula lateralia (tailed arrows), ELI-XYB S4- 3 AU-07; B, oblique lateral view of A; C, enlarged ventral posterior end, ELI-XYB S4-3 AV-07; D, lateral view of dorsal posterior end, noting cardinal muscle scars by arrows, XYB S4-3 AV-18; E, enlarged dorsal pseudointerarea and median buttress, ELI-XYB S4-3 AU-12; F, enlargement of the terminal of median buttress of E, note weakly developed median septum; G, fine pores on the exterior of columnar lamella by exfoliation of the primary layer, ELI-XYB S4-3 AU-09; H, I, one layer of the secondary columnar structures on valve margin, ELI-XYB S4-3 AV-09, XYB S4-3 AU-07; J, K, remaining base of columns after exfoliation of the covering lamella of H; L, one lamella of very short secondary columns, ELI-XYB S4-3 AU-08; M, re-crystallization of the columns, note hollow in the centre, ELI-XYB S4-3 AV-13.
Figure 3 in Ontogeny and evolutionary significance of a new acrotretide brachiopod genus from Cambrian Series 2 of South China
Figure 3. Ontogenetic development of dorsal valve of Palaeotreta shannanensis gen. et sp. nov. from the Shuijingtuo Formation of southern Shaanxi. A–D, juvenile with rudiment median buttress, ELI-XYB S4-3 AV-19; E–G, larger valve with developed median buttress, ELI-XYB S4-3 AU-12; G, oblique lateral view showing weakly developed median septum (arrow); H–K, adult valve with weakly developed median septum, ELI-XYB S4-3 AV-18.
Figure 1 in Ontogeny and evolutionary significance of a new acrotretide brachiopod genus from Cambrian Series 2 of South China
Figure 1. Palaeogeographic map and fossil localities in southern Shaanxi and western Hubei, South China (modified from Z.-F. Zhang et al. 2016), noting the Xiaoyangba and Aijiahe sections.
Figure 2 in Ontogeny and evolutionary significance of a new acrotretide brachiopod genus from Cambrian Series 2 of South China
Figure 2. Ontogenetic development of ventral valve of Palaeotreta shannanensis gen. et sp. nov. from the Shuijingtuo Formation of southern Shaanxi. A–H, ventral valves demonstrating pedicle foramen forming stage (T1); A–D, juvenile with unrestricted pedicle notch, ELI-XYB S4-3 AU-06; E–H, small valve with pedicle opening, ELI-XYB S4s-3 AV-04; I–P, ventral valves demonstrating pedicle foramen-enclosing stage (T2); I–L, adult with enclosed pedicle foramen, ELI-XYB S4-3 AU-01; L, interior view, noting vascula lateralia (tailed arrow); M–P, larger valve with very short intertrough, ELI-XYB S4-3 AU-08.
Data from: Brachiopods from the Byrd Group (Cambrian Series 2, Stage 4), Central Transantarctic Mountains, East Antarctica
Brachiopods from Cambrian Series 2, Stage 4 carbonate strata of the Byrd Group in the Central Transantarctic Mountains, East Antarctica, are described for the first time. These include six lingulate, one paterinate, and one rhynchonelliform taxa, including the new lingulate brachiopod <i>Plicarmus wildi</i> gen. et sp. nov. The assemblage correlates closely to the brachiopods recently reported from the Xinji Formation (Shuiyu section) in North China, as well as brachiopods recovered from the <i>Dailyatia odyssei</i> Zone across the Arrowie Basin of South Australia. The first unambiguous example of the acrotretid brachiopod <i>Eohadrotreta zhenbaensis</i> Li and Holmer 2004 outside South China is also identified in the context of its ontogenetic stages. Well preserved specimens of the acrotheloid <i>Schizopholis yorkensis</i> (Holmer and Ushatinskaya in Gravestock et al., 2001) facilitates a new reconstruction of its musculature and visceral region. This data is synthesised into a new cladistic analysis that resolves Acrotheloidea as a well-supported monophyletic clade and supports previous notions of a morphocline in acrotheloid evolution.
FIGURE 2 in Trilobites and agnostids from the Goyder Formation (Cambrian Series 3, Guzhangian; Mindyallan), Amadeus Basin, central Australia
FIGURE 2. Detailed maps of the Goyder Formation localities. A, spot localities AS167, AS168 and AS273 near the western limb of the Ross River Syncline. B, spot locality AS178 on the southern side of the Ross River Syncline. C, spot locality 85- 3057 in the Gardiner Ranges. D, the GOY section near the eastern limb of the Ross River Syncline along with spot localities AS256 and GOYWEST. All scale bars are 1 km and divided into 250 m gradations. Geological map modified from Alice Springs SF5314. © Copyright Google Earth 2015 and Commonwealth of Australia (Geoscience Australia) 1996.
Data from: Early postembryonic to mature ontogeny of the oryctocephalid trilobite Duodingia duodingensis from the lower Cambrian (Series 2) of southern China
Many well-preserved, articulated exoskeletons recovered from the early Cambrian (Stage 3) Mingxinsi Formation in Weng'an, Guizhou Province, southern China, permit reconstruction of the early postembryonic to mature (i.e. protaspid to holaspid) ontogeny of the small oryctocephalid trilobite Duodingia duodingensis Chow. It is likely that the type material is a latest stage meraspis, and the species had nine thoracic segments in the holaspid phase rather than the eight suggested previously. The earliest holaspis is relatively small in size (about 3.00 mm in total length), and the succeeding instars show little size-related shape change. Striking changes take place in the morphology of the glabella during early ontogeny including forward extension of the axial furrows until they reach the anterior cephalic margin in meraspid degree 0iii, and narrowing of the glabellar mid-region. This is the first noneodiscid trilobite to show three developmental stages within meraspid degree 0. Documentation of ontogenetic changes demonstrates that both Duodingia hubeiensis and D. taihuensis are junior synonyms of D. duodingensis because they bear characters of particular ontogenetic stages of their senior synonym. The per-moult growth increment in D. duodingensis was apparently small in this small trilobite. The development of trunk segmentation during the meraspid phase is apparently more complex than in many other trilobites and could include multiple moults within individual meraspid degrees, intraspecific polymorphism in the pattern of segment release, or phenotypic variation among the population in the degree of segment expression. Fluctuations between accumulative moults, in which segments are added to the meraspid pygidium, and depletive moults, in which segments are released into the thorax, if confirmed, would suggest tight coordination between these different aspects of trunk segment development.
Data from: Mollusks from the upper Shackleton Limestone (Cambrian Series 2), Central Transantarctic Mountains, East Antarctica
An assemblage of Cambrian Series 2, Stages 3–4 conchiferan mollusks from the Shackleton Limestone, Transantarctic Mountains, East Antarctica is formally described and illustrated. The fauna includes one bivalve, one macromollusk and ten micromollusks, including the first description of the species Xinjispira simplex outside North China. The new fauna shows some similarity to previously described micromollusks from lower Cambrian glacial erratics from the Antarctic Peninsula. The fauna, mainly composed of steinkerns, is relatively low diversity, but the presence of diagnostic taxa, including helcionelloid Mackinnonia rostrata, bivalve Pojetaia runnegari, cambroclavid Cambroclavus absonus and bradoriid Spinospitella coronata as well as the botsfordiid brachiopod Schizopholis yorkensis in the overlying Holyoake Formation correlates the succession to the Dailyatia odyssei Zone (Cambrian Stage 3–4) in South Australia.
FIGURE 22 in Systematic revision of the trilobite genera Laudonia and Lochmanolenellus (Olenelloidea) from the lower Dyeran (Cambrian Series 2) of western Laurentia
FIGURE 22. Ontogenetic development of the cephalon of Lochmanolenellus trapezoidalis n. sp. 1, 2, Cephala in phase 4 of development. 1, GSC 137512, x15. 2, GSC 137513, x12. 3–6, Cephala in early phase 5 of development. 3, GSC 137514, x12. 4, GSC 137515, x12. 5, GSC 137516, x9. 6, GSC 137517, x9. All in dorsal view. 1 and 3–7 from GSC locality 95191; 2 from GSC locality 95192; all from Unit 4 of Rosella Formation, Cassiar Mountains, northern British Columbia.
FIGURE 18. 1–6 in Systematic revision of the trilobite genera Laudonia and Lochmanolenellus (Olenelloidea) from the lower Dyeran (Cambrian Series 2) of western Laurentia
FIGURE 18. 1–6, Bivariate scatterplots depicting intraspecific variation in various aspects of cephalic morphology of Lochmanolenellus subquadratus n. sp. Symbols represent phases of cephalic development. 1, Proportional length of LA. 2, Proportional length of the glabella. 3, Divergence of the ocular lobe from the exsagittal axis. 4, Proportional anterior advancement of the genal spine bases. 5, Orientation of the distal portion of the posterior cephalic margin (distal PCM). 6, Proportional cephalic width, measured as the ratio of the transverse distance between the genal spine bases to glabella length. 7, 8, Bivariate scatterplots depicting intraspecific variation and interspecific disparity in various aspects of cephalic morphology among morphologically mature Lochmanolenellus species. Symbols represent species. 7, Proportional length of the ocular lobes. 8, Cephalic shape, measured as the ratio of the transverse distance between the intergenal spine bases to the transverse distance between the genal spine bases.
FIGURE 15 in Systematic revision of the trilobite genera Laudonia and Lochmanolenellus (Olenelloidea) from the lower Dyeran (Cambrian Series 2) of western Laurentia
FIGURE 15. Bivariate scatterplots depicting intraspecific variation in various aspects of cephalic morphology of Lochmanolenellus pentagonalis n. sp. Symbols represent phases of cephalic development. 1, Proportional cephalic width, measured as the ratio of the transverse distance between the genal spine bases to glabella length. 2, Orientation of the distal portion of the posterior cephalic margin (distal PCM), quantified as the inner angle between it and a transverse line. 3, Cephalic shape, measured as the ratio of the transverse distance between the intergenal spine bases to the transverse distance between the genal spine bases. 4, Degree of lateral flaring of the genal spine, quantified as the angle between the inner margin of the proximal portion of the genal spine and the distal portion of the posterior cephalic margin (distal PCM).
FIGURE 10. 1–3 in Systematic revision of the trilobite genera Laudonia and Lochmanolenellus (Olenelloidea) from the lower Dyeran (Cambrian Series 2) of western Laurentia
FIGURE 10. 1–3, Cephala of Lochmanolenellus cf. primus 1 from upper portion of Puerto Blanco Formation at USNM locality 801c, Cerros de la Proveedora, Caborca area, Sonora, Mexico. 1, USNM 115684, x1.5. 2, USNM 115683, x1.5. 3, Enlargement of 2 showing traces of polygonal prosopon in anterior cephalic border furrow, x4. 4–7, Cephala of Lochmanolenellus cf. primus 2 from Unit 4 of Rosella Formation, Cassiar Mountains, northern British Columbia. 4, Cephalon in phase 3 of development; GSC 137488, from GSC locality 95190, x22. 5, Cephalon in early phase 5 of development; GSC 137489, from GSC locality 95190, x15. 6, Cephalon in phase 5 of development; GSC 137490, from GSC locality 95190, x7. 7, Cephalon in phase 5 of development; GSC 137491, from GSC locality 95189, x6. All specimens in dorsal view.
FIGURE 7 in Systematic revision of the trilobite genera Laudonia and Lochmanolenellus (Olenelloidea) from the lower Dyeran (Cambrian Series 2) of western Laurentia
FIGURE 7. Bivariate scatterplots depicting intraspecific variation and interspecific disparity in various aspects of cephalic morphology among morphologically mature Laudonia bispinata and La. amputata. 1, Proportional length of the ocular lobes. 2, Divergence of the ocular lobe from the exsagittal axis. 3, Proportional anterior advancement of the genal spine bases, measured as the ratio of the exsagittal distance between the posterior limit of the sagittal axis and the base of the genal spine (genal spine advancement) to sagittal glabella length. 4, Degree of lateral flaring of the genal spine, quantified as the angle between the inner margin of the proximal portion of the genal spine and the distal portion of the posterior cephalic margin (distal PCM). 5, Orientation of the distal portion of the posterior cephalic margin (distal PCM). 6, Proportional width of the anterior cephalic border (measured anterior to the contact of the ocular lobes with LA). 7, Proportional cephalic width, measured as the ratio of the transverse distance between the genal spine bases to glabella length. 8, Proportional cephalic width, measured as the ratio of the transverse distance between the intergenal spine bases to glabella length.
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