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69 results for “Caviomorpha”
Fig. 13. Dinomys branickii AMNHM 46551 in Basicranial Morphology And Relationships Of Antillean Heptaxodontidae (Rodentia, Ctenohystrica, Caviomorpha)
Fig. 13. Dinomys branickii AMNHM 46551 (A); and AMNHM 70354 (B), right auditory regions (rev.), stereopair views (with key for A) in oblique ventral aspect. In A, the bullar floor and ossicles have been removed to expose the posttympanic canal; the facial canal lies more dorsally and thus is not visible. Because of the viewing angle, the posttympanic foramen, tympanic fenestra, and external acoustic meatus (asterisk and arrows) are hidden by the bullar wall. In the second specimen (B), the posttympanic ramus (suggested by pin) was conducted into the tympanic cavity along a partial septum (asterisk) rather than through a canal. The difference is not due to ontogenetic age, as AMNH 46551 is a juvenile in which cranial sutures are still widely open while AMNHM 70354 is fully adult. (The third pacarana available for osteological study, AMNHM 185372, exhibits large, possibly pathogenic exostoses in its tympanic cavity and presence of a canal could not be determined.)
Fig. 8. Elasmodontomys obliquus AMNHVP 143607 in Basicranial Morphology And Relationships Of Antillean Heptaxodontidae (Rodentia, Ctenohystrica, Caviomorpha)
Fig. 8. Elasmodontomys obliquus AMNHVP 143607, left auditory region; stereopair view (with key, opposite page) in ventromedial aspect. Single asterisk identifies position of parallel grooves for auditory tube and tensor tympani muscle; double asterisks, intratympanic opening of external acoustic canal.
Fig. 12. Dinomys branickii AMNHM 185372 in Basicranial Morphology And Relationships Of Antillean Heptaxodontidae (Rodentia, Ctenohystrica, Caviomorpha)
Fig. 12. Dinomys branickii AMNHM 185372, left auditory region; stereopair view (with key) in oblique posterolateral aspect. Visible are ventral cleft in floor of meatus and distal expansion of tympanic fenestra, as well as position of foramen for ramus posttympanicus.
Fig. 3. Amblyrhiza inundata AAHS 95044 in Basicranial Morphology And Relationships Of Antillean Heptaxodontidae (Rodentia, Ctenohystrica, Caviomorpha)
Fig. 3. Amblyrhiza inundata AAHS 95044, left auditory region before removal of tympanic floor; stereopair view with key. in rostral aspect. Hatchure, broken wall of external acoustic meatus. Arrow, position of tympanic fenestra (out of view).
Fig. 17. Petromus typicus AMNHM 34393 in Basicranial Morphology And Relationships Of Antillean Heptaxodontidae (Rodentia, Ctenohystrica, Caviomorpha)
Fig. 17. Petromus typicus AMNHM 34393, right auditory region (rev.). Note straplike process separating the small tympanic fenestra from the meatus. The former was initially scored as a (large) foramen for meatal innominate vasculature. However, closer inspection revealed that a plug of meatal tissues was still in place, and only after pulling it away on the opposite side (not photographed) did it become evident that a notchlike tympanic fenestra (C1:2) was present, like that of some caviomorphs. In some other specimens (e.g., AMNHM 165295) the fenestra has a more complex shape, but is still scored as present.
Fig. 21. Geocapromys brownii AMNHM 45156 in Basicranial Morphology And Relationships Of Antillean Heptaxodontidae (Rodentia, Ctenohystrica, Caviomorpha)
Fig. 21. Geocapromys brownii AMNHM 45156, right (rev.) auditory region; stereopair view (with key, opposite page) in ventromedial aspect. Compare with Elasmodontomys (figs. 6, 8). Note extreme thickness of bullar wall, which is perforated by thousands of tiny radial channels of unknown significance. A similar microarchitecture occurs in Echimys and Myocastor (personal obs.), but its incidence in ctenohystricans generally has not been explored.
Fig. 18. Thryonomys swinderianus AMNHM 216340 in Basicranial Morphology And Relationships Of Antillean Heptaxodontidae (Rodentia, Ctenohystrica, Caviomorpha)
Fig. 18. Thryonomys swinderianus AMNHM 216340, left auditory region; stereopair view (with key) in ventrolateral aspect. Like all phiomorphs, cane rats lack an evident aperture for the posttympanic ramus (see text). The tympanic fenestra is absent as such, as are any apparent perforations for meatal innominate vessels. Hatchure indicates damage.
Fig. 16. Hystrix indica AMNHM 240917 in Basicranial Morphology And Relationships Of Antillean Heptaxodontidae (Rodentia, Ctenohystrica, Caviomorpha)
Fig. 16. Hystrix indica AMNHM 240917, right (rev.) tympanopetrosal; stereopair view (with key, opposite page) in ventromedial aspect. The medial wall of the bulla has been removed, including most of the portion that lapped onto the adjacent promontorium, thus exposing the ectotympano-petrosal suture in cross-section. The large aperture (double asterisks) rostral to the stylomastoid foramen passes vertically through the posterior margin of the meatal lip but does not enter the tympanic cavity. A similar feature is seen in other phiomorphs; the vessel transmitted through this foramen is presumably the posterior auricular artery. The deep pit (single asterisk) in the same area is blind, and presumably accommodated the tympanohyal in life. The sulcus on the promontorium is interpreted as part of the track of the tympanic nerve, not the internal carotid (contra Tandler, 1901).
Fig. 2. Amblyrhiza inundata AAHS 95044 in Basicranial Morphology And Relationships Of Antillean Heptaxodontidae (Rodentia, Ctenohystrica, Caviomorpha)
Fig. 2. Amblyrhiza inundata AAHS 95044, left auditory region before removal of tympanic floor; stereopair view (with key, opposite page) in lateral aspect. Hatchure, broken wall of external acoustic meatus; asterisk, dorsal rim of external acoustic canal.
Fig. 10. Eumegamys paranensis MLP 41.XII.13.237 in Basicranial Morphology And Relationships Of Antillean Heptaxodontidae (Rodentia, Ctenohystrica, Caviomorpha)
Fig. 10. Eumegamys paranensis MLP 41.XII.13.237, morphology of dissected ear region on specimen's left side. Photograph by author (A) was used as a basis for artist's reconstruction (B), with additional detail added after microscopic study. Unfortunately, remnant matrix hides much of the detail on the tympanic roof. Single asterisk, possible but unconfirmed portion of channel for ramus posttympanicus. Double asterisks, intratympanic rim of ectotympanic bulla overriding petrosal (promontorium).
Fig. 20. Lagostomus maximus AMNHM 80208 in Basicranial Morphology And Relationships Of Antillean Heptaxodontidae (Rodentia, Ctenohystrica, Caviomorpha)
Fig. 20. Lagostomus maximus AMNHM 80208, right auditory region (rev.); stereopair view (with key) in ventrolateral aspect. Extensive meatal growth complicates morphological interpretation. The hypertrophied anterior crus actually forms three-quarters of the elongate definitive meatus, with the mastoid region (and even the exoccipital) completing much of the remaining (posterior) wall (see also fig. 25). The relatively unexpanded tip of the posterior crus can still be identified, separating the tympanic fenestra from the stylomastoid foramen. The large aperture distal to the stylomastoid foramen is the entrance to a short canal for the posterior auricular artery (bristle in canal). Next to it is a long trough, incorporating the original site of the mostly obliterated ventral cleft (ectotympano-ectotympanic suture). On the margin of the stylomastoid foramen another medially directed foramen may be found; this is provisionally regarded as the homolog of posttympanic foramen of Dinomys (C2:2).
Fig. 6. Elasmodontomys obliquus AMNHVP 14171 in Basicranial Morphology And Relationships Of Antillean Heptaxodontidae (Rodentia, Ctenohystrica, Caviomorpha)
Fig. 6. Elasmodontomys obliquus AMNHVP 14171 (holotype), left auditory region; stereopair view (with key, opposite page) in ventral aspect. Although this specimen is poorly preserved, it is possible to identify ectotympano-petrosal contact on the medial aspect of the promontorium (asterisk). The heavilysculpted bullar wall is exceptionally thick, as in some octodontoids (e.g., Geocapromys, fig. 21). There is no indication of a posttympanic canal like that of Amblyrhiza (fig. 1).
Fig. 9. Eumegamys paranensis MLP 41.XII.13.237 in Basicranial Morphology And Relationships Of Antillean Heptaxodontidae (Rodentia, Ctenohystrica, Caviomorpha)
Fig. 9. Eumegamys paranensis MLP 41.XII.13.237, ventral view of posterior part of skull (author's photograph). Sawcut (see text) passed horizontally through the left auditory region at the level of the external acoustic canal and stylomastoid foramen. On specimen's right side, note relatively enormous foramen ovale + foramen lacerum, deep cleft in external acoustic meatus related to tympanic fenestra, position of posttympanic foramen, and robustly built glenoid and mastoid areas.
Fig. 11. Eumegamys paranensis MLP 41.XII.13.237 in Basicranial Morphology And Relationships Of Antillean Heptaxodontidae (Rodentia, Ctenohystrica, Caviomorpha)
Fig. 11. Eumegamys paranensis MLP 41.XII.13.237, lateral aspect of right auditory region, showing external acoustic meatus, tympanic fenestra, and posttympanic foramen (author's photograph). Single asterisk, damaged lateral wall exposing epitympanic recess; double asterisks, broken wall between stylomastoid foramen and external acoustic meatus. Although the ventral cleft between the fenestra and meatus proper is continuous in this specimen, there are signs of damage here as well. It is probable that a small flange of bone, no longer present, separated the two in life (cf. comparable conditions in Neoepiblema; Negri and Ferigolo, 1999: fig. 14).
Fig. 7. Continued. Elasmodontomys obliquus AMNHVP 143605 in Basicranial Morphology And Relationships Of Antillean Heptaxodontidae (Rodentia, Ctenohystrica, Caviomorpha)
Fig. 7. Continued. Elasmodontomys obliquus AMNHVP 143605. Stereopairs (with keys) of left auditory region on this and succeeding pages: B, ventral, and C (next page), lateral aspects. Asterisk, groove on lateral bullar wall.
Fig. 7. Elasmodontomys obliquus AMNHVP 143605. A in Basicranial Morphology And Relationships Of Antillean Heptaxodontidae (Rodentia, Ctenohystrica, Caviomorpha)
Fig. 7. Elasmodontomys obliquus AMNHVP 143605. A, left lateral aspect of complete skull.
Data from: A new echimyid genus (Rodentia, Caviomorpha) in Central Argentina: uncovered diversity of a Brazilian group of mammals in the Pleistocene
We describe a new extinct spiny rat, Proclinodontomys dondasi n. gen. n. sp. (Rodentia, Caviomorpha, Echimyidae), represented by a noteworthy-preserved skull and mandible from the early-middle Pleistocene outcrops at the coastal cliffs of southeastern Buenos Aires Province (Central Argentina). Phylogenetic analyses allow us to propose that the new species described here and the already known Eurzygomatomys mordax (Winge), represent a new genus closely related to the living Euryzygomatomys spinosus and Clyomys laticeps. The new genus differs from Euryzygomatomys and Clyomys by having much more procumbent upper incisors, a more developed fossa for the M. temporalis, more flared and laterally expanded zygomatic arches, frontal less markedly expanded posteriorly, jugals much deeper anteriorly than posteriorly, with the dorsal border descending more abruptly posteriorly, smaller orbital cavity, and external auditory meatus relatively smaller and slanted upward and backward. Several features of the new species reflect a higher degree of adaptation to semifossorial habits than those of E. spinosus. The origin of the semifossorial ecomorphotype within echimyids may have been triggered by the expansion of relatively open and arid environments that arose near the Miocene-Pliocene boundary. The record of this new echimyid in Central Argentina indicates that during the early Pleistocene, the southern limit of the geographic range of extinct representatives of the Brazilian lineage of semifossorial echimyids extended further south than that of their living members.
Figure 6 in Tooth morphology of Echimyidae (Rodentia, Caviomorpha): homology assessments, fossils, and evolution
Figure 6. Homologies proposed for most anterior lophids of penta- and tetralophodont lower molars; A-C, sensu Patterson & Wood (1982) and Carvalho & Salles (2004); A, penta-; B, tetra- (Pattern I); and C, tetralophodont (Pattern II) lower molars; D-F, according to this study; D, penta-; E, tetra- (Pattern I); and F, tetralophodont (Pattern II) lower molars.
Figure 2 in Tooth morphology of Echimyidae (Rodentia, Caviomorpha): homology assessments, fossils, and evolution
Figure 2. Pentalophodont dp4 in occlusal view of living echimyids. A, Mesomys hispidus (MN 27956); B, Lonchothrix emiliae (MN 4856, reversed); C, Echimys chrysurus (MACN 31161); D, Myocastor coypus (MPS-Z060). Not to scale.
Figure 1 in Tooth morphology of Echimyidae (Rodentia, Caviomorpha): homology assessments, fossils, and evolution
Figure 1. Primary homology hypotheses for the lophids of pentalophodont deciduous teeth (dp4) in caviomorphs. A, as proposed by Patterson & Wood (1982) and Carvalho & Salles, (2004); B, as proposed by Candela (2002).
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