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Text-fig. 5. Lauraceae, Platanaceae, Cercidiphyllaceae/Trochodendraceae. a: Sassafras hespera with 2 lobes, UAPC-ALTA S6556. b: cf. Lindera leaf. UAPC-ALTA S 67687. c: Macginitiea gracilis, UAPC-ALTA S 25748. d: Macginicarpa capitulum showing florets grouped in fives, UAPC-ALTA S 59507. e, g: Platanaceous fruitlets with basal tufts of dispersal hairs, UAPC-ALTA S 25748B, S S275238. f: Macginicarpa infructesence with five attached capitula, UAPC-ALTA S 59507A. h: Leaf similar to Populus and Trochodendroides, BBM-PAL-P000010. i: Leaf similar to Populus and Trochodendroides, UAPC-ALTA S 59516. j: cf. Trochodendroides, UAPC-ALTA S 59516. k: Jenkinsella infructesence; Figured in Penhallow 1908, plate 33. l: cf. Leaf similar to Cercidiphyllum and Trochodendroides, BBM-PAL-P000010. Scale bars: a–c, f, h, j, l = 2 cm, d, i, k = 1 cm, e, g = 0.5 cm. in The Early Eocene Flora Of Horsefly, British Columbia, Canada And Its Phytogeographic Significance
Text-fig. 5. Lauraceae, Platanaceae, Cercidiphyllaceae/Trochodendraceae. a: Sassafras hespera with 2 lobes, UAPC-ALTA S6556. b: cf. Lindera leaf. UAPC-ALTA S 67687. c: Macginitiea gracilis, UAPC-ALTA S 25748. d: Macginicarpa capitulum showing florets grouped in fives, UAPC-ALTA S 59507. e, g: Platanaceous fruitlets with basal tufts of dispersal hairs, UAPC-ALTA S 25748B, S S275238. f: Macginicarpa infructesence with five attached capitula, UAPC-ALTA S 59507A. h: Leaf similar to Populus and Trochodendroides, BBM-PAL-P000010. i: Leaf similar to Populus and Trochodendroides, UAPC-ALTA S 59516. j: cf. Trochodendroides, UAPC-ALTA S 59516. k: Jenkinsella infructesence; Figured in Penhallow 1908, plate 33. l: cf. Leaf similar to Cercidiphyllum and Trochodendroides, BBM-PAL-P000010. Scale bars: a–c, f, h, j, l = 2 cm, d, i, k = 1 cm, e, g = 0.5 cm.
Text-fig. 3. Pinaceae, Taxaceae. a: Pinus needle fascicle with 3 needles, UAPC-ALTA S 25088A. b: Pinus needle fascicle with at least 4 needles, UAPC-ALTA S 59496. c: Articulate Pinus seed (section Diploxylon) showing seed body partly detached from wing, BBM-PAL-P000007. d: Winged pinaceous seed with elongate, flattened wing and narrow seed body, BBM-PAL-P000048. e: Another winged pinaceous seed with very narrow seed body, BBM-PAL-P000008. f: Amentotaxus leaf, UAPC-ALTA S S25086A. g: Higher magnification counterpart of (f) showing abaxial (lower) leaf surface with two parallel stomatal bands and tapered leaf tip S 25086B. h: Higher magnification of specimen in (f) showing adaxial (upper) leaf surface with detail of single midvein. Scale bars: a–e, g, h = 1 cm, f = 2 cm. in The Early Eocene Flora Of Horsefly, British Columbia, Canada And Its Phytogeographic Significance
Text-fig. 3. Pinaceae, Taxaceae. a: Pinus needle fascicle with 3 needles, UAPC-ALTA S 25088A. b: Pinus needle fascicle with at least 4 needles, UAPC-ALTA S 59496. c: Articulate Pinus seed (section Diploxylon) showing seed body partly detached from wing, BBM-PAL-P000007. d: Winged pinaceous seed with elongate, flattened wing and narrow seed body, BBM-PAL-P000048. e: Another winged pinaceous seed with very narrow seed body, BBM-PAL-P000008. f: Amentotaxus leaf, UAPC-ALTA S S25086A. g: Higher magnification counterpart of (f) showing abaxial (lower) leaf surface with two parallel stomatal bands and tapered leaf tip S 25086B. h: Higher magnification of specimen in (f) showing adaxial (upper) leaf surface with detail of single midvein. Scale bars: a–e, g, h = 1 cm, f = 2 cm.
Text-fig. 2. Ferns, Ginkgo, and taxodioid conifers. a: Filicalean fern type 1. UAPC-ALTA S sn. b, c: Filicalean fern type 2. b: Overview of specimen, UAPC-ALTA S 59515. c: Detail of (b) to show pinnule shape. d: Azolla primaeva, small plant fragments and rhizoids, BBM-PAL-P000002. e: Metasequoia occidentalis twig with leafy branchlets, BBM- PAL-P000003. f: Ginkgo biloba leaf showing dichotomous venation, GSC 7567. g: Taxodioid branches with flared shoot apices that may represent small cones, UAPC-ALTA S 25090. h: Metasequoia occidentalis branchlet showing opposite leaves, UAPC-ALTA S 59495. i: Taxodioid branchlet showing variation, BBM-PAL-P000004. j: Taxodioid pollen cone, BBM-PAL-P000045. k: Metasequoia seed cone, BBM-PAL-P000005 A. l: cf. Chamaecyparis, BBM-PAL-P000006. Scale bars: a–c, f–l = 1 cm, d = 0.5 cm, e = 2 cm. in The Early Eocene Flora Of Horsefly, British Columbia, Canada And Its Phytogeographic Significance
Text-fig. 2. Ferns, Ginkgo, and taxodioid conifers. a: Filicalean fern type 1. UAPC-ALTA S sn. b, c: Filicalean fern type 2. b: Overview of specimen, UAPC-ALTA S 59515. c: Detail of (b) to show pinnule shape. d: Azolla primaeva, small plant fragments and rhizoids, BBM-PAL-P000002. e: Metasequoia occidentalis twig with leafy branchlets, BBM- PAL-P000003. f: Ginkgo biloba leaf showing dichotomous venation, GSC 7567. g: Taxodioid branches with flared shoot apices that may represent small cones, UAPC-ALTA S 25090. h: Metasequoia occidentalis branchlet showing opposite leaves, UAPC-ALTA S 59495. i: Taxodioid branchlet showing variation, BBM-PAL-P000004. j: Taxodioid pollen cone, BBM-PAL-P000045. k: Metasequoia seed cone, BBM-PAL-P000005 A. l: cf. Chamaecyparis, BBM-PAL-P000006. Scale bars: a–c, f–l = 1 cm, d = 0.5 cm, e = 2 cm.
Text-fig. 1. Map of the early Eocene Okanagan Highlands British Columbia, Canada and Washington, United States of America. Modified from Archibald et al. 2014: fig. 2, courtesy of Bruce Archibald. in The Early Eocene Flora Of Horsefly, British Columbia, Canada And Its Phytogeographic Significance
Text-fig. 1. Map of the early Eocene Okanagan Highlands British Columbia, Canada and Washington, United States of America. Modified from Archibald et al. 2014: fig. 2, courtesy of Bruce Archibald.
Text-fig. 9. Miscellaneous leaves. a: Leaf of Anacardiaceae, UAPC-ALTA S 59513. b: Sapindaceous leaf, BBM-PAL-P000046. c: Twig with compound leaves of Averrhoites affinis, UAPC-ALTA S 67694. d, e: cf. Morus. Finely serrate leaf with actinodromous venation, prominent agrophic veins and strongly percurrent tertiary veins, UAPC-ALTA S 67695. f: Leaf with strongly apically arched upper pairs of secondary veins and entire margins, UAPC-ALTA S 59504. g: Compound leaf, UAPC-ALTA S 59504A. h: Detail of (g) showing one leaflet. i: Incomplete basal part of a lamina with rounded base and entire margin, UAPC-ALTA S 6565. j: Compound leaf with leaflets sessile on a stout rachis, UAPC-ALTA sn. Scale bars: a, c, d, i = 2 cm, b, e–h, j = 1 cm. in The Early Eocene Flora Of Horsefly, British Columbia, Canada And Its Phytogeographic Significance
Text-fig. 9. Miscellaneous leaves. a: Leaf of Anacardiaceae, UAPC-ALTA S 59513. b: Sapindaceous leaf, BBM-PAL-P000046. c: Twig with compound leaves of Averrhoites affinis, UAPC-ALTA S 67694. d, e: cf. Morus. Finely serrate leaf with actinodromous venation, prominent agrophic veins and strongly percurrent tertiary veins, UAPC-ALTA S 67695. f: Leaf with strongly apically arched upper pairs of secondary veins and entire margins, UAPC-ALTA S 59504. g: Compound leaf, UAPC-ALTA S 59504A. h: Detail of (g) showing one leaflet. i: Incomplete basal part of a lamina with rounded base and entire margin, UAPC-ALTA S 6565. j: Compound leaf with leaflets sessile on a stout rachis, UAPC-ALTA sn. Scale bars: a, c, d, i = 2 cm, b, e–h, j = 1 cm.
Text-fig. 10. Flowers and fruits. a: Pentamerous flower from top view, UAPC-ALTA S 67696. b, d: Part and counterpart of a flower with many stamens, type 1 UAPC-ALTA S 6560AB. c: Flower with many stamens, type 2, UAPC-ALTA S 26359. e: Small radially symmetric flower with pinnate venation in each sepal. UAPC-ALTA S 25356. f: Pteroheterochrosperma horseflyensis, UAPC-ALTA S 59494B. g, k: Fruit showing arched longitudinal ribs and and punctate surface, UAPC-ALTA S 26355A. h: Small flower UAPCALTA S 26360. i: Lagokarpos lacustris, UAPC-ALTA S 59498B. j: Lagokarpos lacustris, RBCM.EH2009.023.0003. Scale bars: a–d, g, h = 0.5 cm; e, f, k =0.2 cm; i, j = 1 cm. in The Early Eocene Flora Of Horsefly, British Columbia, Canada And Its Phytogeographic Significance
Text-fig. 10. Flowers and fruits. a: Pentamerous flower from top view, UAPC-ALTA S 67696. b, d: Part and counterpart of a flower with many stamens, type 1 UAPC-ALTA S 6560AB. c: Flower with many stamens, type 2, UAPC-ALTA S 26359. e: Small radially symmetric flower with pinnate venation in each sepal. UAPC-ALTA S 25356. f: Pteroheterochrosperma horseflyensis, UAPC-ALTA S 59494B. g, k: Fruit showing arched longitudinal ribs and and punctate surface, UAPC-ALTA S 26355A. h: Small flower UAPCALTA S 26360. i: Lagokarpos lacustris, UAPC-ALTA S 59498B. j: Lagokarpos lacustris, RBCM.EH2009.023.0003. Scale bars: a–d, g, h = 0.5 cm; e, f, k =0.2 cm; i, j = 1 cm.
Text-fig. 6. Betulaceae, Fagaceae, Anacardiaceae. a: Corylites sp., UAPC-ALTA sn. b: Alnus sp., BBM-PAL-sn. c: Fagopsis infructescence, GSC 7586. d: Palaeocarpinus barksdalae, UAPC-ALTA S 59493. e: Fagopsis undulata leaf, UAPC-ALTA S 67688. f: cf. Schinus compound leaf with serrated leaflets basally fused to the rachis, UAPC-ALTA S 24998. g: Rhus sp., UAPC-ALTA S 67689. Scale bars: a, e = 1 cm, b, f = 2 cm, c, d = 0.3 cm. in The Early Eocene Flora Of Horsefly, British Columbia, Canada And Its Phytogeographic Significance
Text-fig. 6. Betulaceae, Fagaceae, Anacardiaceae. a: Corylites sp., UAPC-ALTA sn. b: Alnus sp., BBM-PAL-sn. c: Fagopsis infructescence, GSC 7586. d: Palaeocarpinus barksdalae, UAPC-ALTA S 59493. e: Fagopsis undulata leaf, UAPC-ALTA S 67688. f: cf. Schinus compound leaf with serrated leaflets basally fused to the rachis, UAPC-ALTA S 24998. g: Rhus sp., UAPC-ALTA S 67689. Scale bars: a, e = 1 cm, b, f = 2 cm, c, d = 0.3 cm.
Text-fig. 4. Monocots. a, b: Large monocot leaf part and counterpart, UAPC-ALTA S 17955A, B. a: Wide leaf showing entire margin at left. b: Counterpart showing dark wide midrib, and and secondaries parallel to one another, arising at low acute angle. c–e: Monocot leaf with parallel venation. c: Overview of elongate monocot leaf with parallel veins horizontal and linear to oval structures and smaller leaf fragment of same type lacking them (at lower right), UAPC-ALTA S 59491. d: Higher magnification of the smaller fragment with weak cross veins. e: Higher magnification of larger specimen with linear to oval structures between parallel veins. f, g: Monocot leaf with parallel venation. Fig. (f) shows higher magnification and (g) shows overview, BBM-PAL-P000009. Scale bars: a, b = 5 cm, c = 4 cm, d–f = 1 cm, g = 2 cm. in The Early Eocene Flora Of Horsefly, British Columbia, Canada And Its Phytogeographic Significance
Text-fig. 4. Monocots. a, b: Large monocot leaf part and counterpart, UAPC-ALTA S 17955A, B. a: Wide leaf showing entire margin at left. b: Counterpart showing dark wide midrib, and and secondaries parallel to one another, arising at low acute angle. c–e: Monocot leaf with parallel venation. c: Overview of elongate monocot leaf with parallel veins horizontal and linear to oval structures and smaller leaf fragment of same type lacking them (at lower right), UAPC-ALTA S 59491. d: Higher magnification of the smaller fragment with weak cross veins. e: Higher magnification of larger specimen with linear to oval structures between parallel veins. f, g: Monocot leaf with parallel venation. Fig. (f) shows higher magnification and (g) shows overview, BBM-PAL-P000009. Scale bars: a, b = 5 cm, c = 4 cm, d–f = 1 cm, g = 2 cm.
Text-fig. 7. Sapindaceae, Polygalaceae, Malvaceae. a: cf. Dipteronia or Koelreuteria pinnately compound leaf with serrate leaflets, UAPC-ALTA S 59500. b, c: Dipteronia brownii, UAPC-ALTA S 59494AB, UAPC-ALTA S 59488. d: Koelreuteria dilcheri fruit valve, BBM-PAL-P000011. e: Acer, BBM-PAL-P000012. f: Detail of Deviacer fruit body from (h). g: Florissantia quilchenensis calyx, UAPC-ALTA S 26364. h: Deviacer wolfei. UAPC-ALTA S 67690. i, j: Florissantia quilchenensis calyces. i: BBM-PAL-P000013. j: BBM-PAL-P000014. Scale bars: a–e, g–j = 1 cm; f = 5 mm. in The Early Eocene Flora Of Horsefly, British Columbia, Canada And Its Phytogeographic Significance
Text-fig. 7. Sapindaceae, Polygalaceae, Malvaceae. a: cf. Dipteronia or Koelreuteria pinnately compound leaf with serrate leaflets, UAPC-ALTA S 59500. b, c: Dipteronia brownii, UAPC-ALTA S 59494AB, UAPC-ALTA S 59488. d: Koelreuteria dilcheri fruit valve, BBM-PAL-P000011. e: Acer, BBM-PAL-P000012. f: Detail of Deviacer fruit body from (h). g: Florissantia quilchenensis calyx, UAPC-ALTA S 26364. h: Deviacer wolfei. UAPC-ALTA S 67690. i, j: Florissantia quilchenensis calyces. i: BBM-PAL-P000013. j: BBM-PAL-P000014. Scale bars: a–e, g–j = 1 cm; f = 5 mm.
Figure 14 in A methane seep from the deep-marine, late Eocene Keasey Formation, Rock Creek, Columbia County, Oregon
Figure 14. Detail of chimney at the Second Seep Site, where the location of a solemyid bivalve in figure 12A is situated at periphery of seep limestone .
Figure 4 in A methane seep from the deep-marine, late Eocene Keasey Formation, Rock Creek, Columbia County, Oregon
Figure 4. Sketch of the Main Seep Site in east-west cross-sectional view. The sketch shows some representative positions of primary seep-related bivalves. Note relative positions of massive limestone in relation to areas dominated by nodules and carbonate blebs. Dashed symbol represents Keasey mudstone. A meter or more of black mudstone immediately subjacent to the limestone yield seep-related mollusks.
Figure 13 in A methane seep from the deep-marine, late Eocene Keasey Formation, Rock Creek, Columbia County, Oregon
Figure 13. Early diagenetic infilling of botryoidal aragonite in shell interior of the epitonid gastropod Boreoscala condoni (Dall, 1908). Note different size bubbles in successive layers. Scale bar = 1 cm.
Figure 3 in A methane seep from the deep-marine, late Eocene Keasey Formation, Rock Creek, Columbia County, Oregon
Figure 3. The Main Seep Site, east side, looking west. The numbers denote the top (1) and base (2) of the seep limestone body, respectively. The limestone is covered at top by approx. 1.8 m of Keasey mudstone, typical of middle member lithology..
Figure 12 in A methane seep from the deep-marine, late Eocene Keasey Formation, Rock Creek, Columbia County, Oregon
Figure 12. Solemyid bivalve preservation in the seep mudstone facies. A. Chalky remnant shell material on an articulated internal mold collected in life orientation. B. Fragments of chalky articulated internal molds and extremely thin shell fragments that exfoliated during collection. Scale bars = 1 cm.
Figure 8 in A methane seep from the deep-marine, late Eocene Keasey Formation, Rock Creek, Columbia County, Oregon
Figure 8. Select carbonate rock hand samples from the Main Seep Site, with some showing taphonomy of macrofossil occurrences. A. Articulated specimens of Conchocele taylori Hickman, 2015 on weathered (orange-brown stained) outer surface of medium gray colored microcrystalline carbonate; sample RC9(2). B. Articulated specimen of C. taylori with partial recrystallized shell, found in stratigraphic up position, and infilled with medium gray microcrystalline carbonate sample RC10B. C. Dark gray, homogeneous to slightly mottled microcrystalline carbonate with scattered, thin-shelled bivalve fragments; sample RC9. D. Irregular, coalesced nodular, medium to dark gray microcrystalline carbonate with scattered, straight bivalve shell fragments; sample RC10A. E. Irregularly nodular and mottled microcrystalline carbonate to cemented breccia of medium to dark gray microcrystalline carbonate with scattered, relatively thick, single curved valves of C. taylori shells; sample RC11. F. microcrystalline carbonate cemented, friable calcareous sandstone with nacreous molluscan shell fragments; sample RC21.
Figure 6 in A methane seep from the deep-marine, late Eocene Keasey Formation, Rock Creek, Columbia County, Oregon
Figure 6. Photographs of exposures. A. Upper turbidite bed with meter-stick for scale. Note sharp base of bed. B. Closeup of the base of the upper turbidite bed showing scour channel filled with medium sand. C. Rockfall in predominantly medium- to thick-bedded mudstones 1-3 meters below lower turbidite bed. Blocks in background are pieces of turbidite bed fallen from the bank. D. Lower turbidite bed at a point where it descends to near river level. E. Medium-bedded mudstones at base of stratigraphic section. Upper part of bank exposure is composed of Pleistocene fluvial gravels.
Figure 5 in A methane seep from the deep-marine, late Eocene Keasey Formation, Rock Creek, Columbia County, Oregon
Figure 5. Stratigraphic sections of the Main Seep Site in relation to Second and Third sites and stratigraphic position of UCMP localities. The Main Seep Site (Fig. 4) consists of a thick limestone lithosome including immediately subjacent black mudstone. The Second Seep Site about 70m west of the main seep, consists of a large conduit about 0.5 m wide by 3 meters high and a complex association of concretions. This site occurs at the east end of the exposure shown in Fig. 7. The Third Seep Site includes a localized concentration of small blebby concretions.
Figure 11 in A methane seep from the deep-marine, late Eocene Keasey Formation, Rock Creek, Columbia County, Oregon
Figure 11. Depiction of solemyid burrow (Fig. 11A, from Hickman 1984) and lucinid burrow (Fig. 11B, from Hickman 1994, 2003b). Such burrows span oxic-anoxic boundaries to provide their symbionts with sulfide from the sediment and oxygen from the water column and as well as meeting their own oxygen needs. The presence of an articulated fossil solemyid in life position (i.e. in situ) indicates the presence of an ancient oxic-anoxic interface, regardless of whether the burrow is clearly preserved. Extensive bioturbation characteristic of the massive Keasey siltstone and mudstone units is likely to obliterate uncemented burrow ichnofabrics of solemyids. See Droser & Bottjer (1989) for history of bioturbation. On the other hand, burrows of decapods are more likely to be preserved since decapod crustaceans secrete a calcareous cement that prevents burrows from caving — e.g. collophanite (an amorphous calcium phosphate). See Weimer and Hoyt (1964).
Figure 1 in A methane seep from the deep-marine, late Eocene Keasey Formation, Rock Creek, Columbia County, Oregon
Figure 1.. Field area maps. A. Study site location in the vicinity of Vernonia, northwest Oregon State, U.S.A. B. Detail of UCMP IP localities along Rock Creek 8 kilometers west of Vernonia. UCMP IP locality 16636 at the west end is from the base of the measured section (Fig. 2) while UCMP IP locality 16621 is from the top of the measured section. The Main Seep Site is located between collections UCMP IP localities 16630 and 16621. C. Geologic map along Rock Creek from Vernonia to the former town of Keasey. Geology generalized from mapping by Alan Niem in Wells et al. (2020). Abbreviated geologic units in the map include the following: Qaf = Holocene and Pleistocene alluvial fan deposits; Qls = Holocene and Pleistocene landslide deposits; Qt = Holocene and Pleistocene talus; Qtd = Holocene and Pleistocene terrace deposits. M22= macrofauna locality from Warren et al. (1945) and benthic foraminiferal localities 249-251 and 239-247 from McDougall (1979).
Figure 2 in A methane seep from the deep-marine, late Eocene Keasey Formation, Rock Creek, Columbia County, Oregon
Figure 2. Stratigraphic section of the Keasey Formation in the vicinity of the Rock Creek seep site, showing position of UCMP localities. Yellow highlighted area above the upper turbidite bed is the equivalent stratigraphic positions of the Main and Second Seep Sites, whereas the minor yellow highlighted area just below the upper turbidite gives the stratigraphic position of small blebby concretions defining the Third Seep Site
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