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168 results for “Complex systems”
Review of Recent Trends in Measuring the Computing Systems Intelligence-igure 2. Intelligence of different living creature (accessed 01.11.2017). 2.1. A crow solving a complex task (https://www.disclose.tv/spooky-genius-crow-had-to-be-removed-from-scientific-experiment- 314886). 2.2. A group of dolphins with a social behaviour (http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2012/04/teamwork-builds-big-brains); 2.3. An orangutan that use a spear to fish (https://primatology.net/2008/04/29/orangutan-photographed-using-tool-as-spear-to-fish)
<p>Some species of birds have been shown capable of using different tools. Many studies consider the crows as very intelligent. Smirnova, Lazareva, and Zorina (2000) suggested that crows have some kind of numerical ability. Figure 2.1 presents a crow that uses a tool, a small stone in order to catch a worm from a glass of water.The dolphins in many studies are considered intelligent at the individual level. An advanced ability of dolphins is the self-awareness. Marten and Psarakos (1995) presented an interesting study based on self-view television to distinguish between self-examination and social behavior in the Bottlenose dolphin. The most well-known abilities of dolphins are to teach, learn and cooperate. Dolphins have a complex communication and social behaviour. Figure 2.2 presents the image of a common group of dolphins. Some studies prove that primates are one of the most intelligent in the class of animals (Reader, Hager, & Laland, 2011). Orangutans are one of the most intelligent primates. The ability of orangutans to use different types of tools in order to perform tasks is well-known. Figure 2.3 presents an orangutan that uses a spear to catch fish. The orangutans can be considered intelligent at individual level.</p>
Review of Recent Trends in Measuring the Computing Systems Intelligence-Figure 1. Intelligence of different simple living creature (accessed 01.11.2017). 1.1. A carnivorous plants catching an insect (https://phys.org/news/2016-05-colombia-peace-reveal-jungle-species.html); 1.2. A colony of ants solving a very complex task (https://mappingignorance.org/2016/05/27/rafting-ants); 1.3. The collective behaviour of a school of fish (https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling)
<p>The biological intelligence of different life forms, ranging from very simple (such as plants) to very complex (such as humans) is the subject of many studies and a large amount of research. Frequent studies related to different kind of biological intelligence include: the intelligence of horses (Krueger, & Heinze, 2008; Krueger, Farmer, & Heinze, 2014; Schuetz, Farmer, & Krueger, 2016), intelligence of pigs (Broom, Sena, & Moynihan, 2009), intelligence of dogs (Coren, 1995), intelligence of primates (Reader, Hager, & Laland, 2011) and so one. Figures 1, 2, and 3 present some biological life forms that are frequently considered intelligent. Trewavas (2002; 2005) considered that plants intelligence should be based on principles such as their ability to adjust their morphology, and phenotype accordingly to ensure self- preservation and reproduction. Figure 1.1 presents an intelligent plant (carnivorous) that uses a strategy for catching very fast flying insects. In order to eat the insect, it makes a movement. Figure 1.1 presents the catching of an insect by a carnivorous plant. The intelligence of colonies of ants, termites and other insects that live in large colonies is considered at the colony level (Brady, Fisher, Schultz, & Ward, 2014; Johnson, Borowiec, Chiu, Lee, Atallah, & Ward, 2013). Figure 1.2 presents the coherent intelligent surviving behaviour of a colony of a species of ants. The ants make a structural reorganization in order to move on the surface of the water. Figure 1.3 presents a very large school of fish with an intelligent coherent collective feeding and self-protecting behaviour. Each individual fish has a very simple behavior. Based on this it cannot be considered intelligent. The intelligence in large schools of fish emerges at the collective level (Shaw, 1978; Parrish, Viscedo, & Grunbaum, 2002).</p>
Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Smart Cities-Table 1. Smart city complex system factors
<p>Figure 2 underlines the importance of traditional production factors such as capital and labour in achieving and driving growth which arises when either stock of capital or labour increase or they are more effectively used. Total factor productivity (TFP) represents the growth enhanced by the use of technology and innovation. Besides these traditional factors, Purdy and Daugherty (2016) consider that AI can be seen as a new production factor, a capital-labour hybrid that will lead to significant growth opportunities. This is due to the advancement made in AI, which allows nowadays to replicate some labour activities at a greater and faster scale than humans (e.g. virtual text assistance, self-learning machines) (Purdy and Daugherty, 2016).</p>
Data: Testing the mating system model of parasite complex life cycle evolution reveals demographically driven mixed mating
<p>Abstract: Many parasite species use multiple host species to complete development; however, empirical tests of models that seek to understand factors impacting evolutionary changes or maintenance of host number in parasite life cycles are scarce. Specifically, Brown et al.’s (2001) mating system model, which posits multi-host life cycles are an adaptation to prevent inbreeding in hermaphroditic parasites and thus, preclude inbreeding depression, remains untested. The model assumes loss of a host results in parasite inbreeding and predicts host loss can only evolve if there is no parasite inbreeding depression. <a name="_Hlk169780726"></a>We provide the first empirical tests of this model using a novel approach we developed for assessing inbreeding depression from field-collected, parasite samples. The method compares genetically-based, selfing-rate estimates to a demographic-based selfing rate, which was derived from the closed mating system experienced by endoparasites. Results from the hermaphroditic trematode <em>Alloglossidium renale</em>, which has a derived 2-host life cycle, supported both the assumption and prediction of the mating system model as this highly inbred species had no indication of inbreeding depression. Additionally, comparisons of genetic and demographic selfing rates revealed <a name="_Hlk169781073"></a>a mixed mating system that could be explained completely by the parasite’s demography, i.e., its infection intensities.</p>
FIGURE 5. Panthera atrox reconstruction showing differences between simple convex hulls and more complex reconstructions. 1 in Reconstruction of the musculoskeletal system in an extinct lion
FIGURE 5. Panthera atrox reconstruction showing differences between simple convex hulls and more complex reconstructions. 1, Reconstructed muscles overlaid on the convex hull of just the bones. Any muscles that are visible extend beyond the range of the convex hull, thereby demonstrating the underestimation of size by convex hulls based solely on bones. 2, Reconstructions showing the posteroventral movement of the centre of mass (COM) between the bone convex hull and the muscled convex hull models of Panthera atrox. Scale bar is 50 cm.
GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA AND SYSTEMIC DISEASE: A COMPLEX INTERPLAY
<p>This study investigated the association between gingival hyperplasia and various systemic diseases and medications. Data from 1055 patients were analyzed, including those with leukemia, pregnancy, diabetes, and those taking medications known to induce gingival hyperplasia (phenytoin, cyclosporine, calcium channel blockers). Results indicated a significantly higher prevalence of gingival hyperplasia in patients with leukemia (40%, 95% CI: 30-50%) and poorly controlled diabetes (25%, 95% CI: 20-30%) compared to the control group (4%, 95% CI: 2-6%). Pregnancy also showed a statistically significant increase in gingival hyperplasia, with prevalence rising from 15% in the first trimester to 25% in the third trimester. Drug-induced gingival hyperplasia was observed in a substantial proportion of patients receiving phenytoin (35%), cyclosporine (25%), and calcium channel blockers (27%). Clinical characteristics of gingival hyperplasia varied depending on the underlying etiology, with leukemia-associated hyperplasia often presenting as severe, generalized, and friable tissue. These findings highlight the importance of considering systemic factors and medication profiles when assessing and managing gingival hyperplasia. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these associations and to optimize treatment strategies.</p>
Realistic complex geoelectric model with topography, curved layers with the airborne electromagnetic (AEM) system positions and dBz/dt signals
<p>The uploaded files contain the description of the complex model that is used to provide some computational experiments.It is a realistic complex geoelectric model with topography, curved layers, 3-D objects of complex shape, and a fragment of a real observation system containing several thousand AEM system positions. The observation system file also includes dBz/dt values obtained in the measuring points.</p> <p>The model is described with several archieved text files which format is explained in the "readme.txt" file.</p>
Data and code from: Will a large complex system be productive?
<p>While the relationship between food web complexity and stability has been well documented, how complexity affects productivity remains elusive. In this study, we combine food web theory and a dataset of 149 aquatic food webs to investigate the effect of complexity (i.e., species richness, connectance, and average interaction strength) on ecosystem productivity. We find that more complex ecosystems tend to be more productive, although different facets of complexity have contrasting effects. A higher species richness and/or average interaction strength increases productivity, whereas a higher connectance often decreases it. These patterns hold not only between realized complexity and productivity but also characterize responses of productivity to simulated declines of complexity. Our model also predicts a negative association between productivity and stability along gradients of complexity. Empirical analyses support our predictions on positive complexity-productivity relationships and negative productivity-stability relationships. Our study provides a step forward toward reconciling ecosystem complexity, productivity and stability.</p>
Research data supporting: "TimeSOAP: Tracking high-dimensional fluctuations in complex molecular systems via time variations of SOAP spectra"
<p>This repository contains the set of data shown in the paper <strong>"<em>Time</em>SOAP: Tracking high-dimensional fluctuations in complex molecular systems via time variations of SOAP spectra"</strong>, published on The Journal of Chemical Physics (DOI: 10.1063/5.0147025).</p>
Research data supporting: "Detecting dynamic domains and local fluctuations in complex molecular systems via timelapse neighbors shuffling"
<p>This repository contains the set of data shown in the paper "Detecting dynamic domains and local fluctuations in complex molecular systems via timelapse neighbors shuffling" published on PNAS (DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300565120).</p>
Tracking small animals in complex landscapes: a comparison of localisation workflows for automated radio telemetry systems
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Resilience assessment in complex natural systems
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Data from: First records of complete annual cycles in water rails Rallus aquaticus show evidence of itinerant breeding and a complex migration system
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Data and code from: Will a large complex system be productive?
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Dataset for the article "Dalton Project: A Python platform for molecular- and electronic-structure simulations of complex systems"
<p>This dataset contains additional material related to the article "Dalton Project: A Python platform for molecular- and electronic-structure simulations of complex systems". The article is available at <a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5144298">https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5144298</a> (open access).<br> <br> Note that the current version of the dataset is not complete. The complete dataset will be uploaded as soon as possible.</p>
Data supplement for "Adaptive stochastic continuation with a modified lifting procedure applied to complex systems"
<p>This dataset contains the data and source files for the diagrams of the following preprint:</p> <p><em>Clemens Willers, Uwe Thiele, Andrew J. Archer, David J. B. Lloyd, and Oliver Kamps<br> Adaptive stochastic continuation with a modified lifting procedure applied to complex systems<br> arXiv preprint arXiv:2002.01705, 2020 </em></p> <p>Please follow the instructions given in 'Readme.txt'.</p>
Data from: Maize-field complexity and farming system influence insectivorous birds' contribution to arthropod herbivore regulation
The contribution of insectivorous birds to reducing crop damage through suppression of herbivory remains underappreciated, despite their role as cropland arthropod predators. We examined the roles of farming system crop cover pattern and structural configuration in influencing assemblage composition of insectivorous birds and their herbivorous arthropod prey across maize fields, and determined how bird exclusion affects crop herbivory levels. To achieve these objectives, data were collected across a sample of organic and conventional small-scale non-Bt maize farms in western Kenya. Assessments of abundance, diversity and richness of insectivorous birds, and abundance of their arthropod prey, were compared between organic and conventional small-scale non-Bt maize on monocultured and intercropped farms. We also employed bird exclusion experiments to assess impacts of bird predation on herbivorous arthropod abundance. Results showed that higher structural heterogeneity supported higher insectivorous bird richness, particularly under organic systems, dense trees, large woodlots and thick hedgerows. Bird abundance further increased with crop diversity but not in relation to cropping method, hedgerow type or percent maize cover per se. Conversely, herbivorous arthropod abundance and richness increased on conventional farms and those with higher percent maize cover, but were unaffected by cropping methods, tree or hedgerow characteristics. Birds' arthropod prey were more abundant under completely closed compared to open or semi-closed plots, confirming a significant linkage between birds and herbivorous arthropod suppression. In this study, we demonstrate importance of structural heterogeneity in agricultural landscapes, including diverse croplands and on-farm trees to maximize insectivorous birds' contribution to reducing crop arthropod herbivory.
Data from: The role of red coloration and song in peacock spiders: insights into complex signaling systems
Research on animal signaling enhances our understanding of links between sensory processing, decision-making, behavior, and evolution. Studies of sexually-selected signals may be particularly informative as mate choice provides access to decision patterns in the way that courtship leads to an easily observable behavioral output in choosers, i.e. mating. Male peacock spiders have some of the most elaborate and varied courtship displays known among animals. Particularly striking to human observers is the diversity of red, orange and yellow ornaments that males exhibit across the genus. The primary objective of our research was to investigate how these visual ornaments interact with vibratory songs to affect female mating behavior of one species, Maratus volans. Accordingly, we conducted mating trials under a series of experimentally manipulated vibratory and lighting conditions. Contrary to expectation, chromatic characteristics of longer wavelength ornaments are not driving female mate choice decisions, despite their extensive presence on male fans. Instead, our results suggest that contrast is important to females. Additionally, we found that vibratory signals were not necessary and did not increase mating rates. Our study demonstrates the intricacies inherent in complex signaling systems.
Research data supporting: "Non-trivial stimuli-responsive collective behaviours emerging from microscopic dynamic complexity in supramolecular polymer systems"
<p>Contains the relevant simulation data and input files. See "readme.txt" for information.</p>
Network structural origin of instabilities in large complex systems
<p>Raw data used to generate figures in the following publication:</p> <p>Title: "Network structural origin of instabilities in large complex systems"<br> Authors: Chao Duan, Takashi Nishikawa, Deniz Eroglu, Adilson E. Motter<br> Journal: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abm8310">Science Advances 8, eabm8310 (2022)</a></p> <p>The CSV files are named by the corresponding figure numbers and the quantities (e.g., "Fig1A_data.csv" for data for Fig. 1A and "FigS1A_data_adj_mat.csv" for the adjacency matrix data for Fig. S1A).<br> </p>
ScienceDex guides
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.