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Figure 7. Hygrobates calliger clade 3 in Evidence of cryptic speciation in the Hygrobates calliger complex (Acariformes, Hydrachnidia, Hygrobatidae) with the description of two new species

Figure 7. Hygrobates calliger clade 3 (A-B, ♂ CCDB 38392 D12, Sila, Italy; C-D, ♀ CCDB 38392 A04, Serra San Bruno, Italy): A – posteromedial margin of Cx-I+II, medial margin of Cx-IV and genital field; B – palp, medial view (inset: P-2 ventrodistal projection, 2x enlarged); C – genital field; D – Palp, lateral view (inset: P-2 ventrodistal projection, 2x enlarged). Scale bar = 100 μm.

Figure 6. Hygrobates calliger clade 2 in Evidence of cryptic speciation in the Hygrobates calliger complex (Acariformes, Hydrachnidia, Hygrobatidae) with the description of two new species

Figure 6. Hygrobates calliger clade 2 (A-B, ♂ CCDB 38361 C06, Crkvine, Montenegro; C-D, ♀, CCDB 38560 D11, Schwarzwald, Germany): A – Posteromedial margin of Cx-I+II, medial margin of Cx-IV and genital field; B, D – palp, medial view (P-1 lacking in Fig. 6B; inset: P-2 ventrodistal projection, 2x enlarged); C – genital field. Scale bar = 100 μm.

Figure 2 in Evidence of cryptic speciation in the Hygrobates calliger complex (Acariformes, Hydrachnidia, Hygrobatidae) with the description of two new species

Figure 2. Results of ASAP analysis for COI sequences. (A) Distribution of pairwise differences, (B) Ranked pairwise differences.

Figure 3 in Evidence of cryptic speciation in the Hygrobates calliger complex (Acariformes, Hydrachnidia, Hygrobatidae) with the description of two new species

Figure 3. Distribution of investigated clades of the Hygrobates calliger-complex. 1 – H. calliger clade 1; 2 – H. calliger clade 2; 3 – H. calliger clade 3; 4 – H. tyrrhenicus sp. nov.; 5 – H. calliger clade 5; 6 – H. ponticus sp. nov.

Figure 5. Hygrobates calliger clade 1 in Evidence of cryptic speciation in the Hygrobates calliger complex (Acariformes, Hydrachnidia, Hygrobatidae) with the description of two new species

Figure 5. Hygrobates calliger clade 1 (D-E, ♂ CCDB 38679 A04, Poseljani, Montenegro. A-C, ♀, Argen, Germany; A-B – CCDB 38560 D02; C – CCDB 38560 D01): A – posteromedial margin of Cx-I+II, medial margin of Cx-IV and genital field; B,E – palp, medial view (inset: P-2 ventrodistal projection, 2x enlarged); C-D – genital field. Scale bar = 100 μm.

Figure 9 in Evidence of cryptic speciation in the Hygrobates calliger complex (Acariformes, Hydrachnidia, Hygrobatidae) with the description of two new species

Figure 9. Hygrobates tyrrhenicus sp. nov., ♀ paratype CCDB 38559 A07, Ruisseau de l'Umbert acciu, Corsica: A – posteromedial margin of Cx-I+II, medial margin of Cx-IV and genital field; B – palp, medial view (inset: P-2 ventrodistal projection, 2x enlarged); C – chelicera; C – I-L-4-6. Scale bar = 100 μm.

Fig. 3 in A new cryptic species of Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887 (Squamata: Gekkonidae), in the C. littoralis complex, from Anakkal, Palakkad, Kerala, India

Fig. 3. Holotype (BNHS 2790) of Cnemaspis palakkadensis sp. nov. (A) Dorsal view and (B) ventral view of full-body. Photos by Amit Sayyed.

Fig. 6 in A new cryptic species of Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887 (Squamata: Gekkonidae), in the C. littoralis complex, from Anakkal, Palakkad, Kerala, India

Fig. 6. Holotype (BNHS 2790) of Cnemaspis palakkadensis sp. nov. (A) Lamellae on manus, (B) lamellae on pes, (C) femoral pores, (D) dorsal scalation of tail, (E) subcaudals, (F) lateral side of tail. Photos by Amit Sayyed.

Fig. 1. 16S in A new cryptic species of Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887 (Squamata: Gekkonidae), in the C. littoralis complex, from Anakkal, Palakkad, Kerala, India

Fig. 1. 16S rRNA tree of the Indian Cnemaspis obtained from the Maximum Likelihood analysis in IQ-TREE. Node values indicate bootstrap support with values <70 indicating low support, values between 70–90 indicating moderate support, and values> 90 indicating strong support. The blue and yellow circles represent the branches leading to C. littoralis and C. palakkadensis sp. nov., respectively, along with representative images of the two species indicated by their blue (C. littoralis) and yellow (C. palakkadensis sp. nov.) borders.

Fig. 5 in A new cryptic species of Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887 (Squamata: Gekkonidae), in the C. littoralis complex, from Anakkal, Palakkad, Kerala, India

Fig. 5. Holotype (BNHS 2790) of Cnemaspis palakkadensis sp. nov. (A) Dorsal pholidosis at midbody, (B) ventral scales at midbody, (C) scales on lateral surface of trunk. Photos by Amit Sayyed.

Fig. 7 in A new cryptic species of Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887 (Squamata: Gekkonidae), in the C. littoralis complex, from Anakkal, Palakkad, Kerala, India

Fig. 7. Color in life of Cnemaspis palakkadensis sp. nov. (A) Holotype male (BNHS 2790), (B) paratype female (BNHS 2792), (C) holotype male (BNHS 2790) showing the coloration of throat, (D) egg. Photos by Amit Sayyed.

Fig. 2 in A new cryptic species of Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887 (Squamata: Gekkonidae), in the C. littoralis complex, from Anakkal, Palakkad, Kerala, India

Fig. 2. Results of the morphometric analysis comparing the morphospace occupied by Cnemaspis littoralis and C. palakkadensis sp. nov. (A) Morphospace occupied by the two species as indicated by the first two dimensions (PC1 and PC2); (B) morphospace occupied by the two species as indicated by the first and third dimensions (PC1 and PC3); and (C) map showing the distributions of C. littoralis and C. palakkadensis sp. nov. The blue and yellow points in the morphospace and the map correspond to C. littoralis and C. palakkadensis sp. nov., respectively.

Fig. 4 in A new cryptic species of Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887 (Squamata: Gekkonidae), in the C. littoralis complex, from Anakkal, Palakkad, Kerala, India

Fig. 4. Holotype (BNHS 2790) of Cnemaspis palakkadensis sp. nov. (A) Dorsal, (B) ventral, and (C) lateral views of the head. Photos by Amit Sayyed.

FIGURE 5 in Otolith shape analysis supports three cryptic species in the Stellifer punctatissimus complex (Acanthuriformes: Sciaenidae)

FIGURE 5 | Otolith's contour reconstruction (Fourier). GM = Stellifer gomezi, MN = S. menezesi, PC = S. punctatissimus.

FIGURE 7 in Otolith shape analysis supports three cryptic species in the Stellifer punctatissimus complex (Acanthuriformes: Sciaenidae)

FIGURE 7 | A. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of sulcus acusticus's shape variation using Procrustes residual of geometric morphometric method. Shape variation in each principal component (PC1 in the horizontal and PC2 in the vertical) in the upper left corner. B. Pairwise shape comparisons; GM = Stellifer gomezi, MN = S. menezesi, PC = S. punctatissimus.

FIGURE 4 in Otolith shape analysis supports three cryptic species in the Stellifer punctatissimus complex (Acanthuriformes: Sciaenidae)

FIGURE 4 | A. Scatterplot of otolith weight using a LOESS curve fitting. B. Scatterplot of rectangularity index. GM = Stellifer gomezi, MN = S. menezesi, PC = S. punctatissimus.

FIGURE 3 in Otolith shape analysis supports three cryptic species in the Stellifer punctatissimus complex (Acanthuriformes: Sciaenidae)

FIGURE 3 | Otoliths of Stellifer punctatissimus complex. A. S. gomezi. B. S. menezesi. C. S. punctatissimus. Left: inner face; Middle: inset of the ostium; Right: dorsal profile. Arrow indicates spout-like groove; asterisk indicates projection on the outer face. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 2 in Otolith shape analysis supports three cryptic species in the Stellifer punctatissimus complex (Acanthuriformes: Sciaenidae)

FIGURE 2 | Illustration of representative sagitta otolith with key anatomical features, based on an average shape specimen. Filled dots = landmarks, empty circles = semilandmarks; A = anterior, M = medial, D = dorsal (asterisk: sulcus acusticus = ostium + cauda).

FIGURE 1 in Otolith shape analysis supports three cryptic species in the Stellifer punctatissimus complex (Acanthuriformes: Sciaenidae)

FIGURE 1 | Map of the study area highlighting the sampling sites in the Bahia State, Brazil. B. Representative specimens of the species studied. Stellifer gomezi (top); S. menezesi (middle); S. punctatissimus (bottom). Scale bars = 10 mm.

FIGURE 6 in Otolith shape analysis supports three cryptic species in the Stellifer punctatissimus complex (Acanthuriformes: Sciaenidae)

FIGURE 6 | Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) of contour shape according to elliptical Fourier descriptors (EFDs). GM = Stellifer gomezi, MN = S. menezesi, PC = S. punctatissimus.